The of intelligence is most likely to be affected by the culture in which one was raised

Arbuckle J.L. Full information estimation in the presence of incomplete data. In: Marcoulides G.A., Schumacker R.E., editors. Advanced structural equation modeling: Issues and techniques. Erlbaum; Hillsdale, NJ: 1996. pp. 243–277. [Google Scholar]

Bartels M., Rietveld M.J., van Baal G.C., Boomsma D.I. Genetic and environmental influences on the development of intelligence. Behavior Genetics. 2002;32:237–249. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Bayley N. On the growth of intelligence. American Psychologist. 1955;10:805–818. [Google Scholar]

Bradley R.H., Corwyn R.F. Socioeconomic status & child development. Annual Review of Psychology. 2002;53:371–399. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Davis O.S.P., Arden R., Plomin R. g in middle childhood: Moderate genetic and shared environmental influence using diverse measures of general cognitive ability at 7, 9 and 10 years in a large population sample of twins. Intelligence. 2008;36(1):68–80. [Google Scholar]

Deary I.J. Intelligence. Annual Review of Psychology. 2012;63:453–482. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Deary I.J., Pattie A., Starr J.M. The stability of intelligence from age 11 to age 90 years: The Lothian birth cohort of 1921. Psychological Science. 2013;12:2361–2368. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Dyume M., Dumaret A.M., Tomkiewicz S. How can we boost IQs of ‘dull children’? A late adoption study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 1999;96:8790–88794. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Feinstein L. London School of Economics, Centre for Economic Performance; 2003. Very early cognitive evidence. Centre piece (24–30) [Google Scholar]

Fenson L., Pethick S., Renda C., Cox J.L., Dale P.S., Reznick S. Short-form version of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories. Applied Psycholinguistics. 2000;21:95–116. [Google Scholar]

Ganjavi H., Lewis J.D., Bellec P., Macdonald P.A., Waber D.P., Evans A.C. Negative associations between corpus callosum midsagittal area and IQ in a representative sample of healthy children and adolescents. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e19698. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Haier R.J., Jung R.E., Yeo R.A., Head K., Alkire M.T. The neuroanatomy of general intelligence: Sex matters. NeuroImage. 2005;25:320–327. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Hanscombe K.B., Trzaskowski M., Haworth C.M.A., Davis O.S.P., Dale P.S., Plomin R. Socioeconomic status (SES) and children's intelligence (IQ): In a UK-representative sample SES moderates the environmental, not genetic, effect on IQ. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(2) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Haworth C.M.A., Davis O.S.P., Plomin R. Twins Early Development Study (TEDS): A genetically sensitive investigation of cognitive and behavioural development from childhood to young adulthood. Twin Research and Human Genetics. 2013;16(01):117–125. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Haworth C.M.A., Harlaar N., Kovas Y., Davis O.S.P., Oliver B.R., Hayiou-Tomas M.E. Internet cognitive testing of large samples needed in genetic research. Twin Research and Human Genetics. 2007;10:554–563. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Hayes K.J. Genes, drives, and intellect. Psychological Reports. 1962;10:299–342. [Google Scholar]

Heckman J.J. Skill formation and the economics of investing in disadvantaged children. Science. 2006;312:1900–1902. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Hu L., Bentler P.M. Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling. 1999;6:1–55. [Google Scholar]

Jerrim J., Vignoles A. DoQSS working paper, London, UK. 2011. Social mobility: Regression to the mean and the cognitive development of high ability children from disadvantaged homes. [Google Scholar]

Johnson W., Bouchard T.J., Jr., Krueger R.F., McGue M., Gottesman I.I. Just one g: Consistent results from three test batteries. Intelligence. 2004;34:95–107. [Google Scholar]

Johnson W., te Nijenhuis J., Bouchard T.J., Jr. Still just one g: Consistent results from five test batteries. Intelligence. 2008;36:81–95. [Google Scholar]

Kaplan E., Fein D., Kramer J., Delis D., Morris R. The Psychological Corporation; New York: 1998. WISC-III as a Process Instrument (WISC-III-PI) [Google Scholar]

Kovas Y., Haworth C.M.A., Dale P.S., Plomin R. The genetic and environmental origins of learning abilities and disabilities in the early school years. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. 2007;72:1–144. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Lobo M.A., Galloway J.C. Assessment and stability of early learning abilities in preterm and full-term infants across the first two years of life. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2013;34(5):1721–1730. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

McArdle J.J. Latent variable modeling of differences and changes with longitudinal data. Annual Review of Psychology. 2009;60:577–605. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

McCarthy D. The Psychological Corporation; New York: 1972. McCarthy scales of children's abilities. [Google Scholar]

Oliver B., Dale P.S., Saudino K., Petrill S.A., Pike A., Plomin R. The validity of parent-based assessment of non-verbal cognitive abilities of three-year olds. Early Child Developmental Care. 2002;172:337–348. [Google Scholar]

Petrill S.A., Rempell J., Oliver B., Plomin R. Testing cognitive abilities by telephone in a sample of 6- to 8-year-olds. Intelligence. 2002;30:353–360. [Google Scholar]

Raven J.C., Court J.H., Raven J. Oxford University Press; Oxford, UK: 1996. Manual for Raven's progressive matrices and vocabulary scales. [Google Scholar]

Raven J.C., Court J.H., Raven J. Oxford Psychologists Press; Oxford, UK: 1998. Manual for Raven's advanced progressive matrices. [Google Scholar]

Saudino K.J., Dale P.S., Oliver B., Petrill S.A., Richardson V., Rutter M. The validity of parent-based assessment of the cognitive abilities of 2-year-olds. British Journal of Developmental Psychology. 1998;16:349–363. [Google Scholar]

Saunders P. Civitas research report. 2012. Social mobility delusions. [Google Scholar]

Schoon I., Jones E., Cheng H., Maughan B. Family hardship, family instability, and cognitive development. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2012;66:716–722. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Smith P., Fernandes C., Strand S. nferNELSON; Windsor, UK: 2001. Cognitive Abilities Test 3 (CAT3) [Google Scholar]

Spinath F.M., Ronald A., Harlaar N., Price T.S., Plomin R. Phenotypic g early in life: On the etiology of general cognitive ability in a large population sample of twin children aged 2 to 4. Intelligence. 2003;31:195–210. [Google Scholar]

Strenze T. Intelligence and socioeconomic success: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal research. Intelligence. 2007;35:401–426. [Google Scholar]

Trzaskowski M., Harlaar N., Arden R., Krapohl E., Rimfeld K., McMillan A. Genetic influence on family socioeconomic status and children's intelligence. Intelligence. 2014;42:83–88. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Tucker-Drob E.M., Briley D.A. Continuity of genetic and environmental influences on cognition across the life span: A meta-analysis of longitudinal twin and adoption studies. Psychological Bulletin. 2014;140:949–979. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Tucker-Drob E.M., Rhemtulla M., Harden K.P., Turkheimer E., Fask D. Emergence of a gene-by-socioeconomic status interaction on infant mental ability between 10 months to 2 years. Psychological Science. 2011;22:125–133. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

von Stumm S. You are what you eat? Meal type, socio-economic status and cognitive ability in childhood. Intelligence. 2012;40:576–583. [Google Scholar]

Wechsler D. The Psychological Corporation; London, UK: 1992. Wechsler intelligence scale for children — Third edition UK (WISC-IIIUK) manual. [Google Scholar]


Page 2

The of intelligence is most likely to be affected by the culture in which one was raised

Sample sizes and correlations for the IQ and SES data in TEDS from age 2 to 16 years for a subsample of one randomly selected twin per pair.

N123456789
1IQ at 24730
2IQ at 34522.66
3IQ at 45725.57.70
4IQ at 74620.23.31.31
5IQ at 93059.26.35.33.41
6IQ at 102475.23.31.27.40.57
7IQ at 123981.18.27.29.44.56.63
8IQ at 142599.21.26.24.40.46.51.63
9IQ at 162224.21.26.22.42.45.50.58.64
10SES6884.10.17.17.32.30.26.30.36.35