Which of these was the model for the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

Editor’s Note, July 20, 2020: This article has been updated in anticipation of the centennial of the 19th Amendment, which granted women suffrage. Read more about the the Seneca Falls Convention here.

In June 2016, as Hillary Clinton became the first woman from a major party to win enough delegates to secure the nomination, the former Secretary of State made mention of another consequential moment in women's political history: the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments. “A small but determined group of women, and men, came together with the idea that women deserved equal rights,” she said. “It was the first time in human history that that kind of declaration occurred."

Why would a potential President name-drop a 168-year-old document? Here’s what you should know about the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions that was passed at the Seneca Falls Convention on women’s rights:

It has its roots in a dispute over seating

Strangely enough, the struggle for women’s rights and, eventually, women’s suffrage in America began with a blowup over seating. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott met when they were whisked off to a roped-off, women’s-only seating section at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention. The convention had been thrown into chaos at the news that American women intended to vote, serve on committees and even speak at the convention, and in response they were shunted off to a section that was out of the view of men. Irate at their treatment, Stanton and Mott began to plot a convention of their own—this time, to address the state of women.

It turns out that seating is still a hotly contested issue in politics. Each year, the State of the Union address leads to disputes and strange customs over who sits where—and all eyes are on who the current First Lady chooses to sit in her special viewing box. Both political conventions also generate plenty of press on their seating chart each year; in 2008, for example, the Democratic Party drew attention for giving swing state delegates the best seats at the Denver convention.

It was based on the Declaration of Independence...

The convention that followed was groundbreaking. More than 300 women and men from abolitionist, Quaker and reform circles attended the two-day Seneca Falls Convention, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a document that set out the group’s agenda. It was directly based on the Declaration of Independence—a convenient format and a bold statement on the equality of women.

The Declaration wasn’t the first document on women’s rights to model itself on the Declaration; as Judith Wellman writes for The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, arguments based on the Declaration had been used to argue for property rights for married women in New York for several years before the convention. Swayed by the familiar language of America’s founding document—and with the help of many of the women present at the convention—New York passed its first law granting married women the right to own property in 1848.

…and wasn’t only signed by women.

Women drafted the Declaration, but they weren’t the only one to argue on its merits and eventually sign it. The final copy was signed by 68 women and 32 men, many of whom were the husbands or family members of women present. Frederick Douglass, however, was not; the famous, once-enslaved abolitionist was involved in the women’s rights movement until the movement nearly fell apart over questions about whether African-American men should have the right to vote.

In 1867, Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Sojourner Truth and some other women opposed the 15th Amendment, claiming that women should take precedence over formerly enslaved people. They went in one direction; Douglass and women like Lucy Stone went another. Ironically, even when women did gain the right to vote in 1920, women of color were largely precluded from voting by racist local laws until enforcement of the 1965 Voting Rights Act.

Not everyone present thought the Declaration should include a call for suffrage

The Declaration of Sentiments and the resolutions adopted by the Seneca Falls Convention is hailed for its groundbreaking demands—like insisting that men be held to the same moral standards as women and holding that anti-woman laws have no authority. But it’s just as noteworthy for what it almost didn’t demand: voting rights for women. Though a resolution for suffrage was eventually adopted, it was not unanimously supported. Only after an impassioned speech by Frederick Douglass did attendees decide to go for it, giving the document its most incendiary demand. That insistence on suffrage was not popular: Convention attendees were mocked and harassed and the Declaration was called ludicrous. Though only one of its signers was alive when the 19th Amendment was signed, it set the wheels of women’s suffrage in motion.

Bad news: Nobody can find the original

Given everything the document sparked—and its importance to women’s history in the United States, you’d think that the convention’s Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions would be safe in the National Archives. You’d be wrong: The document has somehow gone missing.

As Megan Smith writes for the White House's official blog, the closest thing to an original in the National Archives is a printed copy made by Frederick Douglass in his print shop after the convention. The notes that he used to make his copy—minutes from the meeting that would constitute the original—are gone. Do you know where the document could be? You can use the hashtag #FindTheSentiments to help with the hunt for one of America’s most important documents.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott wrote the Declaration of Sentiments for the Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention (1848) in upstate New York, deliberately modeling it on the 1776 Declaration of Independence.

The Declaration of Sentiments was read by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, then each paragraph was read, discussed, and sometimes slightly modified during the first day of the Convention when only women had been invited and the few men present anyway were asked to be silent. The women decided to put off the vote for the following day, and permit men to vote on the final Declaration on that day. It was adopted unanimously in the morning session of day 2, July 20. The Convention also discussed a series of resolutions on day 1 and voted on them on day 2.

The following summarizes the points of the full text.

1. The first paragraphs begin with quotes that resonate with the Declaration of Independence. "When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one portion of the family of man to assume among the people of the earth a position different from that which they have hitherto occupied ... a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes that impel them to such a course."

2. The second paragraph also resonates with the 1776 document, adding "women" to "men." The text begins: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed." Just as the Declaration of Independence asserted the right to change or throw off unjust government, so does the Declaration of Sentiments.

3. Men's "history of repeated injuries and usurpations" in order to "an absolute tyranny over" women is asserted, and the intention to lay out the evidence is also included.

4. Men have not permitted women to vote.

5. Women are subject to laws they have no voice in making.

6. Women are denied rights given to "the most ignorant and degraded men."

7. Beyond denying women a voice in legislation, men have oppressed women further.

8. A woman, when married, has no legal existence, "in the eye of the law, civilly dead."

9. A man may take from a woman any property or wages.

10. A woman can be compelled by a husband to obey, and thus made to commit crimes.

11. Marriage laws deprive women of guardianship of children upon divorce.

12. A single woman is taxed if she owns property.

13. Women are not able to enter most of the more "profitable employments" and also "avenues to wealth and distinction" such as in theology, medicine, and law.

14. She cannot obtain a "thorough education" because no colleges admit women.

15. The Church alleges "Apostolic authority for her exclusion from the ministry" and also "with some exceptions, from any public participation in the affairs of the Church."

16. Men and women are held to different moral standards.

17. Men claim the authority over women as if they are God, instead of honoring women's consciences.

18. Men destroy women's self-confidence and self-respect.

19. Because of all this "social and religious degradation" and "disfranchisement of one-half the people of this country," the women signing demand "immediate admission to all the rights and privileges which belong to them as citizens of the United States."

20. Those signing the Declaration declare their intention to work towards that equality and inclusion, and call for further conventions.

The section on voting was the most contentious, but it did pass, especially after Frederick Douglass, who was in attendance, supported it.

The whole document and event was met at the time with widespread disgust and mocking in the press, for even calling for women's equality and rights. The mention of women voting and the criticism of the Church were especially targets of derision.

The Declaration has been criticized for its lack of mention of those who were enslaved (male and female), for omitting mention of Native women (and men), and for the elitist sentiment expressed in point 6.