Observe the following map of Brazil and answer the following questions name the type of map

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and Lisboa, have demonstrated, as has been shown in this Argument (page 184 et seq.), that Brazil cannot invoke without prejudice to itself the Treaty of 1857. It has, furthermore, been examined in detail in the Memoir of the Minister of Foreign Relations of the Argentine Republic presented to the Arbitrator in Volume I of the '“ Argentine Evidence,” page 643, and Vol. III, Doc. No. V.

'Consequently the frontier between the Uruguay and the Yguazú runs, according to the Demarcation of 1759 and 1760, by the rivers Pepiry-Guazú and San Antonio (of Brazil).”

This is an unfounded affirmation. The Demarcators of 1759 were mistaken and their action is for that reason void. This invalidity was, moreover, declared in the Treaty of 1761. So that this boundary does not exist, nor has it ever existed in fact.

The argument is, however, indirectly favorable to the cause of the Argentine Republic. If Brazil claims that the Demarcation of 1759 was properly made and that it is valid, why refuse to recognize the validity of the treaty by virtue of which said Demarcation was carried out; that is to say, its legal foundation ? If the effect is recognized then its cause must be acknowledged, and consequently the “Mapa de las Cortes,” which was really the treaty itself reduced to a graphic form. The Treaty of 1750 was ratified and made valid so far as regards these boundaries by that concluded in 1777. At the same time Brazil admits that there is a law which applies to the case. That law favors the cause of the Argentine Republic.

The “Mapa de las Cortes ” is the map of South America published in 1775 by the chief cosmographer of the King of Spain, Don Juan de la Cruz Cano y Olmedilla.

This argument has been made by the chief of the Commissioners of Brazil engaged in the International Exploration of 1885–1891, the

These fourteen arguments were presented to the Argentine Government in 1882 in the document entitled : Contra-Memorandum,” presented to the Arbitrator in Vol. II of the "Argentine Evidence," No. 6; and they were also published in the Memoir of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Empire of Brazil, for the year 1886, pages 25 et seq., which is also presented to the Arbitrator. But other arguments have been also made in favor of the Brazilian cause which will be stated and explained.

Baron de Capanema, already referred to. It is another erroneous assertion. Olmedilla never was, as is known from public documents, the chief cosmographer of Spain. Nor was he ever a geographer, nor a traveller. He never went away from Madrid except to France, where he studied map-drawing. He was merely an artist, an engraver. His principal known works are beautiful engravings representing the costumes and apparel worn in Spain. This has been clearly shown and proved in an official publication made by the Argentine Government, which is presented to the Arbitrator, with the request that it be considered a part of this Argument upon this point, entitled “ Arbitration on Misiones," printed in English. Two separate copies accompany the same.

Olmedilla, who was not a scientific man, delineated wrongly the situation of the river Pepiry or Pequiry-Guazú, because he could not have had before him the “Mapa de las Cortes,” that being a secret document, but the Spanish Government, perceiving the fact, ordered the plates of the map to be mutilated and withdrew it from sale.

Brazil invokes in its favor numerous maps of Argentine origin in which the boundary is traced along the western rivers.

These maps have no value, although in some cases they bear the signatures of employees of the Argentine Government. This has been declared by the Argentine Government to that of Brazil in the Memorandum of January 30, 1883, presented to the Arbitrator (" Argentine Evidence,” Vol. II, pamphlet No. 4, page 78) as follows:

All these publications, even when, as in some cases, they have been subsidized or aided by the Government, were edited under the direction and responsibility of their authors, who, more or less interested in this great question, have been led into errors which cannot be considered as in any way compromising the rights of the Republic.

This same assertion, that the Argentine Republic did not have official maps, was repeated in the Memoir of the Minister of Foreign Relations of that country in 1892 (Argentine Evidence, Vol. I, page 683) as follows:

To put an end to the frequent citations of maps, edited in the Argentine Republic or representing it, made by some diplomats as arguments against the rights and claims of the same, I will say that the National Government has emphatically declared that no official maps exist.

But it is not surprising that the authors of such maps should make mistakes when the two Governments fell into errors also and signed treaties which were inaccurate in their geographical terms, as in the case of that made in 1885, afterwards corrected upon the ground and by the provisions of the Arbitration Treaty of 1889, when the river Chopin was accepted as the Northeast boundary of the Territory instead of the Yangala or San Antonio-Guazú of Oyarvide. Brazil itself has officially declared its ignorance of the geography of Misiones in the “Contra Memorandum" presented (Argentine Evidence, Vol. II) and in the Memoir of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of 1886, before cited, page 29, in the following language :

Considering that neither the rivers in question nor the zone in dispute included by them were ever at any time explored by Brazil. ians and Argentines with the purpose of verifying the surveys made by the Portuguese and Spanish in the preceding century.

The errors of the maps, therefore, can have no force as an argument either in law or in fact, since it is shown that the geographical facts were unknown, and neither government can determine these grave questions by private or theoretical surveys. Furthermore, the Argentine Republic denies that the maps in question have any authority, whatever may be the official title of the authors, used as a mere recommendation to give commercial value to their work. Some of the maps were dedicated to Argentine Presidents and other high personages by mere courtesy and without any action by them concerning such publications.

Brazil claims that maps made by the Jesuits prior to 1749 can be substituted for the “ Mapa ile las Cortes."

Some of these maps are anonymous and theoretical, made in Rome for the Company of Jesus for the administrative purposes of the order, that is to say merely in order to know the situation of its colonies without regard to political considerations. I present to the Arbitrator a complete study of these maps in the book “ Arbitration on Misiones," cited in this Chapter, and also refer to the discussion of this subject in this book at pages 65 to 85. From the analysis of these maps cited by Brazil it appears that the greater part are favorable to the Argentine Republic, for they delineate the river Pepiry or Pequiry above the Uruguay-Pitá.

I present to the Arbitrator as a further proof of this argument in the Portfolio of Maps of the "Argentine Evidence” the following maps, some of which bear an international character. They are cited with corresponding numbers, in the Portfolio of Maps.

No. 1. 1612. General Map of South America, by Rui Diaz de XVII Century. Guzman. (The original is preserved in the General Archives of

the Indies, Seville.) Upon this map, which includes the country lying between Latitude 1° and 53° South, the river Pepiry is delineated as the most important tributary of the Uruguay, and a Pueblo of Spaniards and Indians near its headwaters.

No. 2. 1656. Map of Paraguay, Chile, etc., by the Geographer, N. Samson d’Abbeville.

This map delineates the Territory in dispute within the possessions of Spain, and the great distance from this Territory submitted to the Arbitrator to the Portuguese should be noted. This map is one of the respected authorities of that epoch.

No. 3. 1667. Map of Paraguay, or the Province of the Rio de la Plata, with adjacent regions. Tucuman et Sancta Cruz de la Sierra. Amsterdam. Gulielmus Blaeuw exundit.

The Original of this map dated in 1630 forms part of the large Atlas of Blaeuw, published in 1667. The preceding observation is also applicable to this map.

No. 4. 1667. Paraquaria vulgo Paraguay cum adjacentibus, by P. Vicentio Carrafa. Amsterdam. Joannes Blaeuw. This map, by the most celebrated and respectable author of his time, is found in the Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. It delineates the Pepiry or Pequiry as the most important tributary of the Uruguay, confirming the official map of 1612. The river Pepiry or Pequiry has the same geographical position and direction as given to it by the

“Mapa de las Cortes” of 1749, confirmed by the international explorations of 1790 and 1891. [See the engraving herewith.]

No. 5. 1703. Map of Paraguay, Chile, etc., by the Geographer Guillaume de L'Isle, of the Royal Academy of Sciences.

This map shows the Spanish Possessions and the Portuguese advances into the Government of the Rio de la Plata, always, however, leaving the Territory now in dispute very far from the Portuguese frontier and within the dominions of Spain.

No. 6. 1719. Map of Paraguay, Chile, the Straits of Magellan, etc. Anonymous.

This shows the Spanish Possessions in the Provinces of Guayra and Uruguay and the advances of the Portuguese on the Littoral. The Territory now in dispute remains in the same situation, favorable to the Argentine Republic, as in the preceding map.

No. 7. 1733. Typus Geographicus Chile, Paraguay, Fretti Magallanici, etc., by P. Alfonsos d'Ovalle.

Like the maps of 1703 and 1719, it indicates the Spanish Possessions and the advances of the Portuguese. The Territory now in question remains very distant from the Portuguese frontier and under the dominion of Spain.

No. 8. 1749. Map of the Misiones of the Company of Jesus, on the rivers, etc., by Padre Joseph Quiroga.

In this map the red line which marks the boundary of the Misiones on the East includes the territory within one degree of longitude up the stream of the Uruguay above the point of the junction of that river and the Uruguay-Mini, and passes by the headwaters of the Yguazú. Carrying the boundary to the East of the sources of the Yguazú, as it is traced by Padre Quiroga, who was a high official of the Jesuits and settled in their possessions in the Misiones of the zone now in question, would result in giving the Spaniards the right to claim lands to the eastward of this river Pepiry or Pequiry.

No. 9. 1749. Map of the Confines of Brazil, with the Lands of the Crown of Spain in South America. Taken from the Archives of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Paris.

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ORIGINAL IN THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, WASHINGTON.

This is a copy of the “Mapa de las Cortes," an integral part of the Treaty of 1750, and was to serve as the base and guide for the Demarcators.

No. 10. 1749. Apocryphal Copy of the same map above. .

This is the map found inserted in the Portuguese collection of Treaties, by Borges de Castro. Its differences with the true “Mapa de las Cortes” have already been referred to in this Argument, page 139.

No. 11. 1751. Map of the Confines of Brazil with the Lands of Spain in South America. Archives of Lisbon, “Mapa de las Cortes.”

No. 12. 1751. Photographic copy of the True " Mapa de las Cortes," which served for making the Treaty of 1750, existing in the Archives of the Minister of State, Madrid.

This map has on its back the Protocol with which the negotiators of the Treaty of 1750 authorized it. It is the copy of that map which was preserved in the Archives of Spain.

No. 13. 1752. Map of the Confines of Brazil with the Lands of the Crown of Spain in South America.

The original of this map exists in Lisbon, in the possession of the Conde de Verdigueira, as stated in the note at the foot of page 215, Vol. I, “Argentine Evidence,” and this Argument page 154.

No. 14. 1762. Map of Paraguay, Chile, Magellan Land, etc. By S. Robert de Vangondy, etc.

No. 15. 1787. “ Plano Corografico” of the reconnoissances connected with the demarcation of Article 8 of the Preliminary Treaty of Boundaries, of October 11, 1777, carried out by the second Spanish and Portuguese subdivisions, in order to remove the doubts which had arisen between the respective Commissioners.

The photographic copy presented was taken from the original in the Archives of the Department of State in Madrid. This map of 1777 delineates the river Pepiry or Pequiry-Guazú in the same location as the maps of 1612, 1667 and 1749, presented.

No. 16.

1788. Photographic Copy, reduced size, of the Map of Varela y Ulloa and of Veiga Cabral de Camara, taken from the

y

original in the Archives of the Department of State

State at Madrid.

No. 17. 1788. Photographic Copy of a portion of the preceding map which shows the river Uruguay.

No. 18. 1791. Map of Oyarvide. No. 19. 1796. Photographic copy, reduced size, of the map of the Lieut.-Gen. Francisco Requena, taken from the original in the Archives of the Department of State at Madrid.

No. 20. 1796. Copy of a portion of the preceding map.

Nos. 21, 22, 23. 1796. Facsimiles of three maps from the Atlas of Feliz de Azara, showing the basin of the Paraná, that of the Paraguay, and a special chart relating to the question of boundaries with Brazil.

1802. Autograph plan, by Cabrer, of the Territory in

No. 25. 1853. Spherical chart of the Argentine Confederation and the Republics of Uruguay, Paraguay, made in 1802, by José Maria Cabrer, and published in Paris in 1853.

No. 26. 1863. Map of the Republic of Paraguay. Dedicated and presented to his Majesty, Napoleon I, Emperor of the French by the Count Lucien de Brayer, Consul of France in Paraguay.

No. 27. 1877.

1877. Official map of the Province of Corrientes.

This is the map cited in this Argument, page 91.

No. 28. 1887. General map of the Argentine Republic, published by the eminent Peruvian geographer, Don Mariano Felipe Paz Soldan.

This map contains the departmental divisions of the Territory of Misiones.

No. 29. 1887. Joint Boundary Commission. General plan of the mouth of the river Pepiry-Guazú (of 1759) in the river Uruguay. Scale 1: 2,000.

No. 30. 1887. Joint Boundary Commission. Partial plan of the mouth of the river Pepiry of 1759. Scale 1:500.

This plan signed by the Argentine and Brazilian Commissioners

shows that there was no island but only a bank of stones somewhat below the mouth of that river.

No. 31. 1887. Joint Boundary Commission. Profiles of the mouth of the river Pepiry.

No. 32. 1887. Joint Boundary Commission. First Partial Plan of the river Uruguay. Scale 1 : 50,000.

No. 33. 1887. Joint Boundary Commission. Second Partial Plan of the river Uruguay. Scale 1: 50,000.

This plan shows the mouth of the river Pepiry-Guazú, with the wooded island in front and the reef within its mouth.

No. 31. 1887. Joint Boundary Commission. Plan of the mouth of the river Pepiry-Guazú or Chapecó, with the longitudinal and transverse profiles of the island of the Pequiry-Guazú. Scale 1:5,000.

No. 35. 1887. Joint Boundary Commission. Partial plan of the upper part of the river Pequiry-Guazú. Scale 1:50,000.

No. 36. 1887. Partial plan of the lower part of the river Pequiry-Guazú. Scale 1:50,000. .

No. 37. 1887. Joint Boundary Commission. Copy of the plans of the rivers Pequiry-Guazú and Chopin, made by assistants of the Brazilian Commission.

No. 38. 1887. Joint Boundary Commission. Plan of the Headwaters of the river known in Brazil as the “Chopin.” Scale 1:20,000.

No. 39. 1887. Joint Boundary Commission. Plan of the rivers Pequiry-Guazú and San Antonio-Guazú of Oyarvide. Scale 1:10,000.

No. 40. 1887–8. Joint Boundary Commission. Partial plan of the line dividing the waters of the rivers Chopin, Pequiry-Guazú and San Antonio-Guazú of Oyarvide. Scale 1:20,000.

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No. 41. 1889. Joint Boundary Commission. Plan of the lands included between the principal headwaters of the rivers PequiryGuazú or Chapecó and the San Antonio-Guazú de Oyarvide or Yangada. Scale 1:10,000.

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