The French Revolution was different from the American Revolution due to all of the following EXCEPT

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Teachers' notes
External links
Connections to curriculum

1789 is one of the most significant dates in history – famous for the revolution in France with its cries of ‘Liberté! Egalité! Fraternité!’ that led to the removal of the French upper classes. The French Revolution didn’t just take place in 1789. It actually lasted for another six years, with far more violent and momentous events taking place in the years after 1789. However, here we examine the British reaction to the events in France during this famous year – were the British government extremely worried or did they see it as merely a few minor disturbances?

Looking at primary source material from 1789, including a London newspaper report, together with both official and personal letters sent from Paris, you will be asked to assess and investigate the reaction. The significance of 1789 is now well known, but did anybody at the time even dare to suggest how important it was?

Let’s look at the evidence to find out. Use this lesson to find out from contemporary sources how the British government reacted to news of the French revolution.

Tasks

Background

The French Revolution began in 1789 and lasted until 1794. King Louis XVI needed more money, but had failed to raise more taxes when he had called a meeting of the Estates General. This instead turned into a protest about conditions in France. On July 14 1789 the Paris mob, hungry due to a lack of food from poor harvests, upset at the conditions of their lives and annoyed with their King and Government, stormed the Bastille fortress (a prison). This turned out to be more symbolic than anything else as only four or five prisoners were found.

In October 1789, King Louis and his family were moved from Versailles (the Royal palace) to Paris. He tried to flee in 1791, but was stopped and forced to agree to a new form of government. Replacing the power of the King, a ‘legislative assembly’ governed from October 1791 to September 1792, and was then replaced by the ‘National Convention’. The Republic of France was declared, and soon the King was put on trial. The Revolution became more and more radical and violent. King Louis XVI was executed on January 21 1793. In the six weeks that followed some 1,400 people who were considered potential enemies to the Republic were executed in Paris.

Many historians now regard the French Revolution as a turning point in the history of Europe, but also in North America where many of the same ideas influenced the Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution. The famous slogan ‘Liberty, Equality and Fraternity’ called for every person’s right to freedom and equal treatment. Across France and the rest of Europe the consequences of the Revolution were huge. There were many new developments including the fall of the monarchy, changes in society with the rise of the middle class, and the growth of nationalism.

Teachers' notes

This lesson encourages students to investigate the British reaction to the outbreak of the French Revolution. To begin with, students consider three extracts from the contemporary newspaper, the London Gazette. They are subsequently compare these extracts to some private correspondence from the time and a three extracts from a confidential report from the British Ambassador. In the light of all of the evidence students, are asked to decide how seriously the British government took the events of 1789. They should be encouraged to evaluate the tone, attitude and perspective contained in all these extracts as they work through the questions. Why were these accounts produced? Who would have seen them? What is their value to the historian?

All documents are provided with transcripts. Students can work through the questions individually or in pairs and report back to the class.

Sources

Image : La Prise de la Bastille – Jean Pierre Hovell 1789

Sources 1-3 : The London Gazette – ZJ 1/85

Sources 4-6 : Extracts from a confidential report from the British Ambassador, 30th July 1789 FO 27/32

External links

Locating privilege and inequality in pre-Revolutionary France
Take a look at this clip from the BBC Learning Zone.

https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/obl4he/frenchrevolution/26_chronology_of_the_french_revolution.html
UCL Art Museum: Explore a huge range of visual sources on the French Revolution

Connections to curriculum

AQA History A level:
France in Revolution, 1774–1815

Edexcel History A level:
France in Revolution 1774-1799

OCR History A level:
The French Revolution and the rule of Napoleon 1774–1815

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According to Thomas Aquinas, which of the following is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. Reason is the nemesis of faith.
	b. Philosophy is the enemy of theology.
	c. Only faith leads to revelation.
	d. All of the above
	e. None of the above

All of the following are vernacular texts published in the fourteenth century EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. 'The Canterbury Tales'
	b. 'Decameron'
	c. 'Piers Plowman'
	d. 'The Song of Roland'
	e. 'The Divine Comedy'

Boccaccio described the onset of the Black Death as happening in which medieval city?

Choose one answer.

	a. Milan
	b. Florence
	c. Genoa
	d. Rome
	e. Venice

During the medieval era, what was the portion of land owned by a lord but worked by peasants called?

Choose one answer.

	a. Manor
	b. Fiefdom
	c. Demense
	d. Serfdom
	e. Tract

Which of the following best describes the history of medieval England?

Choose one answer.

	a. It was an extended attempt to convert feudalism into monarchy.
	b. It resulted in isolation from continental European culture.
	c. It preserved indigenous Anglo-Saxon cultural practices.
	d. It launched the development of a predominately Norman culture.
	e. None of the above

Which of the following characterized the "calamitous century"?

Choose one answer.

	a. The European population increased.
	b. The price of agricultural products increased.
	c. The price of luxury and manufactured goods declined.
	d. The power of the nobility declined.
	e. All of the above

Which of the following characterized the later Middle Ages?

Choose one answer.

	a. Europe emerged as a continental culture.
	b. Large-scale migrations declined.
	c. The universal language of educated Europeans was Greek.
	d. A and B
	e. B and C

Which of the following did NOT characterize Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries?

Choose one answer.

	a. The power of the nobility increased.
	b. The power of monarchs increased.
	c. The Church attempted to assert power over the state.
	d. Invaders from the North devastated parts of Europe.
	e. Manorialism began to develop.

Which of the following was NOT an area conquered and settled by the Norse?

Choose one answer.

	a. Northern England
	b. Northern France
	c. Northern Spain
	d. Russia
	e. Scotland

Which of the following was a reason why the Carolingian Empire declined soon after Charlemagne's death?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Empire was never truly unified.
	b. A civil war erupted.
	c. Louis the Pious divided the empire into thirds.
	d. Nobles garnered increased power.
	e. All of the above

During the Renaissance period, the Italian city-states drew their wealth from which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Banking
	b. Trade
	c. Government
	d. A and B
	e. B and C

Fill in the blank. In his political treatises, Machiavelli argued that _____________.

Choose one answer.

	a. human nature is essentially good
	b. human nature is essentially evil
	c. human nature is both good and evil
	d. humans are incapable of good governance
	e. power cannot be maintained at all times

Following the invention of the printing press, what was the first European bestseller?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Bible
	b. The Imitation of Christ
	c. The Prince
	d. The Four Gospels
	e. Devotio Moderna

Out of the following choices, who was NOT a Northern Renaissance artist?

Choose one answer.

	a. Druer
	b. Bruegel
	c. Van Eyck
	d. Bosch
	e. Titian

Out of the following, who was NOT a patron of Leonardo da Vinci?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Medicis
	b. The Sforzas
	c. Francis I
	d. Henry II

Pico della Mirandola synthesized ideas to produce which philosophy during the Renaissance?

Choose one answer.

	a. Humanism
	b. Neo-platonism
	c. Platonism
	d. Renaissance classicism
	e. None of the above

Which of the following distinguished Northern Humanism from Italian Humanism?

Choose one answer.

	a. An emphasis on reason
	b. An emphasis on faith
	c. A synthesis of faith and reason
	d. Social reform

Which of the following was an objective pursued by the Papal States government during the Renaissance?

Choose one answer.

	a. Re-asserting the supreme authority of the pope
	b. Eliminating heresy
	c. Recovering political power
	d. Protecting Christianity from the threat of Islam
	e. All of the above

Who was known as the "founder of humanism"?

Choose one answer.

	a. Cicero
	b. Machiavelli
	c. Petrarch
	d. Salutati
	e. Augustine

Who coined the term "Renaissance" in 1867?

Choose one answer.

	a. Greenblatt
	b. Burckhardt
	c. Kristeller
	d. The New Historicist School

Fill in the blank. In the Caribbean, the early Spanish conquistadors mainly sought ___________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Slaves
	b. Gold
	c. Sugar
	d. Land
	e. Religious conversion

In the 1490s, which Portuguese explorer rounded the Cape of Good Hope and traversed the Indian Ocean?

Choose one answer.

	a. Bartholemeu Dias
	b. Prince Henry the Navigator
	c. Vasco de Gama
	d. Ferdinand Magellan
	e. None of the above

Which European country did NOT try to found a settlement in Brazil?

Choose one answer.

	a. Portugal
	b. The Netherlands
	c. France
	d. England

Which of the following explorers did NOT discover parts of the region known as New France?

Choose one answer.

	a. Champlain
	b. Verranzzano
	c. Cabot
	d. Cartier
	e. Nicollet

Which of the following was a consequence of the European Age of Discovery?

Choose one answer.

	a. Indigenous peoples died of European diseases.
	b. Indigenous peoples were enslaved.
	c. European commercial empires were founded.
	d. European settlement empires were founded.
	e. All of the above

Which of the following was a primary foreign policy goal of Ferdinand and Isabella?

Choose one answer.

	a. Expelling the Moors from Spain
	b. Expelling the Jews from Spain
	c. Expeditions to the New World
	d. All of the above
	e. Only A and C

Which of the following was a stipulation of the contract between Christopher Columbus and the Spanish monarchy?

Choose one answer.

	a. Columbus would become Admiral of the Ocean Sea.
	b. Columbus would receive 10% of the riches he discovered in the New World.
	c. Any lands that Columbus founded would belong to the Spanish monarchy.
	d. A and B
	e. B and C

Which Spanish conquistador devastated the Inca Empire?

Choose one answer.

	a. Magellan
	b. Cortes
	c. Pizarro
	d. Columbus
	e. Las Casas

Why was Portugal the pre-eminent power during the European Age of Discovery?

Choose one answer.

	a. Stability of the monarchy
	b. Geographic position
	c. A complex maritime economy
	d. All of the above
	e. Only B and C

Which of the following contributed to the beginning of the Age of Discovery?

Choose one answer.

	a. The increasing power of Islam
	b. Europeans' desire to expand Christendom
	c. The advent of the spice trade with the Far East
	d. The rise of imperialism
	e. All of the above

According to John Calvin, which of the following is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. State and church are distinct.
	b. The Bible is the ultimate authority.
	c. Humans determine whether they enter heaven or hell.
	d. A and B
	e. B and C

Fill in the blank. The Dominican friar Johann Tetzel was selling indulgences in Germany in order to ___________.

Choose one answer.

	a. discredit Martin Luther
	b. support the German bishoprics
	c. fund conversion efforts in the New World
	d. raise money for the Dominican order
	e. raise money to build St. Peter's Church

Martin Luther nailed his Ninety-five Theses to a church door in which German city?

Choose one answer.

	a. Erfurt
	b. Wittenberg
	c. Munich
	d. Strasbourg
	e. Maiz

Which of the following did characterize the Catholic Counter-Reformation?

Choose one answer.

	a. Censorship of anti-Catholic works
	b. Expansion of the Inquisition
	c. The Council of Trent
	d. Corrupt practices of Catholic priests were reformed.
	e. All of the above

Which of the following did NOT characterize Martin Luther's beliefs?

Choose one answer.

	a. Good works guarantee salvation.
	b. Faith guarantees salvation.
	c. God grants salvation.
	d. God grants damnation.
	e. Humans are predestined for heaven or hell.

Which of the following did NOT pose a direct challenge to the Catholic Church in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?

Choose one answer.

	a. Heretics
	b. Renaissance humanists
	c. The consolidated power of European nobles
	d. Nominalism
	e. The rising influence of merchants and skilled workers

Which of the following groups was NOT a part of the "radical Reformation"?

Choose one answer.

	a. Anabaptists
	b. Calvinists
	c. Spiritualists
	d. Evangelical Rationalists
	e. Melchiorites

Which of the following resulted in England's split from the Catholic Church?

Choose one answer.

	a. The influence of Martin Luther
	b. The influence of John Calvin
	c. The corruption of Catholic priests
	d. Tensions between Henry VIII and his priests
	e. Henry VIII's desire to annul his marriage

Which of the following was founded by Ignatius Loyola in the 1530s?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Franciscans
	b. The Jesuits
	c. The Dominicans
	d. The Benedictines
	e. The Cistercians

What was the most revolutionary event of the sixteenth century?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Scientific Revolution
	b. The Reformation
	c. The Age of Discovery
	d. The invention of the printing press

All of the following were consequences of the Thirty Years' War EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. France replaced Spain as the greatest power in Europe.
	b. Switzerland became an independent state.
	c. The power of the Habsburgs increased.
	d. Individual states in the Holy Roman Empire could make war and contract alliances.
	e. Catholicism predominated in southern Germany.

During the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, royal French forces hunted down and executed approximately how many French Huguenots?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1,000
	b. 5,000
	c. 10,000
	d. 20,000
	e. 30,000

Fill in the blank. In 1598, the Edict of Nantes _____________.

Choose one answer.

	a. reaffirmed papal supremacy over Catholic France
	b. granted a small degree of religious toleration in France
	c. outlined an anti-Protestant policy for France
	d. allowed Henry of Navarre to marry Margaret of Valois
	e. endorsed the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

The 1576 alliance created by the Protestant northern provinces and the Catholic southern provinces of the Netherlands was called which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Pacification of Ghent
	b. Treaty of Ghent
	c. Edict of Amsterdam
	d. 'Council of Blood'

The French wars of religion were waged between Catholics and which other group(s)?

Choose one answer.

	a. Anabaptists
	b. Lutherans
	c. Huguenots
	d. A and B
	e. B and C

Which of the following does NOT characterize the Thirty Years' War?

Choose one answer.

	a. Ferdinand II tried to re-catholicize Bohemia.
	b. Bohemian Protestantism collapsed.
	c. It was a conflict between the Catholic League and the Protestant Union.
	d. France and its allies defeated the Spanish Habsburgs.
	e. The war was concluded by the Peace of Augsburg.

Which of the following is a stipulation of the Act of Uniformity issued by the English Parliament in 1559?

Choose one answer.

	a. Elizabeth I was the head of the Church.
	b. There was a Protestant State Church.
	c. Sacraments would be relinquished.
	d. Catholics had to convert to Protestantism.
	e. The Book of Common Prayer would remain unaltered.

Which of the following literary forms was perfected by Michel de Montaigne?

Choose one answer.

	a. The editorial
	b. The sonnet
	c. The essay
	d. The five-act play
	e. The short story

Why did Phillip II of Spain want to invade England?

Choose one answer.

	a. English ships pirated Spanish galleons in the New World.
	b. Mary Queen of Scots was executed.
	c. The Pope excommunicated Elizabeth I.
	d. All of the above
	e. None of the above

By 1609, which polity had split into the Catholic League and the Protestant Union?

Choose one answer.

	a. France
	b. Prussia
	c. The Holy Roman Empire
	d. Germany
	e. Switzerland

According to Thomas Hobbes, all of the following are true EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. All things can be understood using principles of geometry.
	b. Human beings desire only recognition and power.
	c. Only absolute power can keep society together.
	d. Humans cede authority to a single ruler in exchange for security.
	e. Without the social contract, humans descend into barbarism.

All of the following were consequences of the Glorious Revolution EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Royal authority was limited.
	b. Parliament gained power over taxation.
	c. Parliament gained power over the royal succession.
	d. Parliament created the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
	e. Parliament controlled the monarch's ability to wage war independently.

Historians usually cite the beginning of the Age of Absolutism usually as which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. The reign of Louis XIV
	b. The reign of Charles I
	c. The end of the Thirty Years' War
	d. The reign of Phillip II
	e. The defeat of the Spanish Habsburgs

In an absolutist regime, which element of government was NOT exclusively controlled by the monarch?

Choose one answer.

	a. Military
	b. Tax collection
	c. Legislature
	d. Judiciary

The Roundheads subscribed to which religion?

Choose one answer.

	a. Presbyterianism
	b. Puritanism
	c. Quakerism
	d. Anglicanism
	e. Catholicism

Which English monarch was restored to the throne in 1660?

Choose one answer.

	a. Charles I
	b. Charles II
	c. James I
	d. Henry VIII
	e. James II

Which of the following does NOT describe Louis XIV's approach to religion in France?

Choose one answer.

	a. He destroyed Huguenot schools and churches.
	b. He tried to force Protestants to convert to Catholicism.
	c. He upheld the Edict of Nantes.
	d. He declared Protestantism to be a crime against the state.
	e. He exiled the Protestant clergy from France.

Which of the following thinkers developed the "Divine Right of Kings" theory?

Choose one answer.

	a. Hobbes
	b. Bossuet
	c. Descartes
	d. Rousseau
	e. Condorcet

Which term best describes the Dutch state of the seventeenth century?

Choose one answer.

	a. Confederation
	b. Constitutional monarchy
	c. Absolutist state
	d. Oligarchy

Absolutism largely emerged as a result of which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Exploration overseas
	b. Colonization of the New World
	c. The rise of the world economy
	d. The era of religious wars

Absolutist monarchs in Eastern Europe increased their power by cutting out which "middle men" in order to collect taxes?

Choose one answer.

	a. Tax collectors
	b. Legislators
	c. Military leaders
	d. Nobles
	e. Merchants

During the Age of Absolutism, which European state became the most highly militarized?

Choose one answer.

	a. Austria
	b. France
	c. Russia
	d. England
	e. Prussia

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Austrian Empire was composed of all of the following ethnic regions EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. German-speaking regions
	b. Czech-speaking regions
	c. Magyar-speaking regions
	d. Polish-speaking regions

Following the Battle of Poltava, Russia annexed all of the following lands EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Present-day Latvia
	b. Present-day Estonia
	c. Lands bordering the Black Sea
	d. Present-day Poland

In the Prussian absolutist state, which group remained exempt from taxation?

Choose one answer.

	a. Bourgeoisie
	b. Metayers
	c. Serfs
	d. Junkers
	e. Military leaders

Which of the following did NOT characterize Peter the Great's reign?

Choose one answer.

	a. He imported skilled European laborers.
	b. He abolished the nobility to consolidate his power.
	c. He declared that the nobility adopt Western cultural practices.
	d. He drafted an army.
	e. He drafted peasant laborers into state-run factories.

Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of serfdom in Eastern Europe?

Choose one answer.

	a. Polish landlords could inflict the death penalty on their serfs.
	b. Prussian serfs were assumed to be in "hereditary subjugation" to their lords.
	c. Estate agriculture declined.
	d. As of 1609, Russian serfs were prohibited from moving from one estate to another.
	e. A landlord's authority over his peasants was unlimited.

Which Prussian ruler intended to unite his realm under absolutist rule in 1640?

Choose one answer.

	a. Frederick William
	b. Frederick III
	c. Frederick I
	d. Wilhelm I
	e. Frederick William II

Who was the first Czar of Russia?

Choose one answer.

	a. Ivan I
	b. Ivan IV
	c. Peter the Great
	d. Kiev I
	e. Vasily III

Between 1400 and 1650, which system was re-established in "East Elbe"?

Choose one answer.

	a. Primogeniture
	b. Entailment
	c. Serfdom
	d. Hereditary aristocracy
	e. None of the above

All of the following characterizes the scholars of the early Scientific Revolution EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. They rejected Aristotle.
	b. They rejected Ptolemy.
	c. They synthesized their conclusions.
	d. They believed in God.

Galileo first reported his discovery of Jupiter's orbital system in which pamphlet?

Choose one answer.

	a. 'New Astronomy'
	b. 'Dialogues on the Two Chief Systems of the Universe'
	c. 'Starry Messenger'
	d. 'Principia Mathematica'
	e. None of the above

Nicolaus Copernicus believed which of the following to be true?

Choose one answer.

	a. The earth was the center point of the revolution of the heavens.
	b. The sun contained God.
	c. The planets moved in circular orbits.
	d. A and B
	e. B and C

Which Enlightenment figure wrote a treatise that compared monarchies, republics, and despotism?

Choose one answer.

	a. Montesquieu
	b. Voltaire
	c. Rousseau
	d. Diderot
	e. Condorcet

Which of the following characterized the Keplerian universe?

Choose one answer.

	a. Epicycles
	b. Planets' orbital paths
	c. Circular orbits
	d. Earth-centered universe
	e. Spiritual qualities of the Earth

Which of the following comprises the core of Enlightenment thought?

Choose one answer.

	a. Natural science should be used to understand all aspects of life.
	b. Laws of human society can be discovered by the application of scientific method.
	c. Humans are sinful and corrupt.
	d. A and B
	e. B and C

Which of the following figures of the Scientific Revolution defined "matter" as the infinite number of particles that fill all space?

Choose one answer.

	a. Newton
	b. Descartes
	c. Galileo
	d. Brahe
	e. Bacon

Which of the following was a conclusion drawn by Isaac Newton?

Choose one answer.

	a. The force that pulls objects to the ground is the same force that keeps the planets in motion.
	b. Every body in the universe attracts every other body.
	c. The density of the earth is five and a half times the density of water.
	d. Electrical impulses activate the central nervous system.
	e. All of the above

Why was the Enlightenment most highly developed in France?

Choose one answer.

	a. French was the language of the educated classes.
	b. Philosophers sought to educate the French masses.
	c. France was one of the wealthiest and most populous countries in Europe.
	d. The Enlightenment was a reaction to French absolutism.
	e. All of the above

Copernicus challenged the theories of whose dominant model of the motion of the universe?

Choose one answer.

	a. Aristotle
	b. Plato
	c. Brahe
	d. Ptolemy
	e. Bacon

Political economist Adam Smith objected to which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Mercantilism
	b. Britain's American colonies
	c. Monopolies
	d. Slave labor
	e. All of the above

What was the system called, by which merchants supplied raw materials to workers to process on their own time?

Choose one answer.

	a. Industrial Revolution
	b. Putting out system
	c. Cottage industry
	d. Guild system
	e. None of the above

When the Navigation Acts were passed, who was England's main trading and shipping rival?

Choose one answer.

	a. France
	b. Spain
	c. Portugal
	d. The Netherlands
	e. Scotland

Which of the following countries led the Agricultural Revolution?

Choose one answer.

	a. England
	b. The Netherlands
	c. France
	d. A and B
	e. B and C

Which of the following was an innovation that characterized the Agricultural Revolution?

Choose one answer.

	a. Openfield system
	b. Crop rotation
	c. Field enclosure
	d. A and B
	e. B and C

Which of the following was NOT a feature of mercantilism?

Choose one answer.

	a. Regulated commerce
	b. Bullionism
	c. National economic self-sufficiency
	d. Low tariffs on imported manufactures
	e. Colonies as sources of raw materials

Which of the following was NOT a mythical cause of the Agricultural Revolution in England?

Choose one answer.

	a. Selective breeding of farm animals
	b. Decreased power of the aristocracy
	c. The removal of common property rights to land
	d. New cropping techniques

Which of the following was NOT a war that broke out between England and France between 1701 and 1763 as a result of the desire to dominate Atlantic trade?

Choose one answer.

	a. War of the Spanish Succession
	b. War of the Austrian Succession
	c. King William's War
	d. Seven Years War
	e. Queen Mary's War

Which political economist theorized that the European population would increase beyond the available food supply?

Choose one answer.

	a. Smith
	b. Ricardo
	c. Malthus
	d. Say

Which system predominated European agriculture before the Agricultural Revolution?

Choose one answer.

	a. Feudalism
	b. Manorialism
	c. Enclosure
	d. Openfield system
	e. None of the above

All of the following contributed to the outbreak of the French Revolution EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. The Enlightenment
	b. The bankruptcy of France
	c. The Glorious Revolution
	d. The American Revolution
	e. Royal absolutism

All of the following occurred in June 1789 EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Louis XVI's declaration of bankruptcy
	b. The Tennis Court Oath
	c. Louis XVI's call on French troops to dissolve the Estates General
	d. The escalation of the price of bread
	e. The storming of the Bastille

All of the following were features of the Reign of Terror EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. The political clubs of the sans-culottes were closed.
	b. 17,000 people died.
	c. Thousands were executed by the guillotine.
	d. The National Assembly led the Terror.
	e. The Terror was an attempt to purge France of counter-revolutionaries.

The French government passed into the hands of which of the following in 1795?

Choose one answer.

	a. National Convention
	b. The Directory
	c. Napoleon Bonaparte
	d. The House of Bourbon
	e. Council of 500

Which of the following contributed to the French Revolution becoming radical in 1792?

Choose one answer.

	a. A counter-revolution led by the clergy and nobility
	b. The economic, social, and political discontent of the urban working class
	c. The transformation of the bourgeoisie into a new aristocracy
	d. A and B
	e. B and C

Which of the following was NOT an accomplishment of the National Assembly in 1789?

Choose one answer.

	a. Creation of a republic
	b. Abolition of the French nobility
	c. Adoption of the metric system
	d. Abolition of internal trade barriers
	e. Prohibition of monopolies and guilds

Which of the following was NOT an outcome of the French Revolution?

Choose one answer.

	a. The aristocracy was abolished.
	b. France became a modern state.
	c. Privilege was based upon property and wealth rather than birth.
	d. The state belonged to the people rather than the monarchy and nobility.
	e. Universal suffrage was established in France.