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To generate a control break report, your input records must be organized in ____ order based on the field that will cause the breaks.
sequential
You can merge more than two files.
true
The ____ file holds temporary data that is used to update the master file.
transaction
When the records in a file are sorted in order from lowest to highest values, the records are in ____ order.
ascending
The combination of the disk drive plus the complete hierarchy of directories in which a file resides is its ____.
path
Directories and ____ are organization units on storage devices.
folders
____ is processing that involves performing the same tasks with many records, one after the other.
Batch processing
Is not lost when a computer loses power
nonvolatile storage
Is lost when the program ends or the computer loses power
volatile storage
Thousands of bytes
kilobytes
Millions of bytes
megabytes
Billions of bytes
gigabytes
Letters, numbers, and special symbols, such as "A", "7", and "$"
character
Single useful data items that are composed of one or more characters
fields
Groups of related records
files
Holds complete and relatively permanent data
master file
A file in which records can be located in any order
random access file
____ storage is not lost when a computer loses power.
permanent
____ is the more general term for an entity that organizes files.
Directory
Because they enable you to locate a particular record directly (without reading all of the preceding records), random access files are also called ____ files.
direct access
Images and music are contained in binary files.
true
When you copy data from RAM into a file on a storage device, you read to the file.
false
A ____ break is a break in the logic of the program that is based on the value of a single variable.
single-level control
When you write a program that stores a value in a variable, you are using ____ storage.
temporary
A database holds groups of files or ____ that together serve the information needs of an organization.
tables
When you store data records, they exist in ____.
some type of order
As pages in a book have numbers, computer memory and storage locations have ____.
addresses
When you create a ____ report, the records must have been sorted in order by a key field.
control break
When mathematicians use a two-dimensional array, they often call it a ____ or a table.
matrix
When you use an index, you can store records on a ____ storage device.
random-access
When computers sort data, they always use ____ values when making comparisons between values.
numeric
A bubble sort is sometimes called a ____.
sinking sort
A record’s ____ field is the field whose contents make the record unique among all records in a file.
key
To correctly swap two values, you create a(n) ____ variable to hold one of the values.
temporary
The ____ is often used as a statistic in many cases because it represents a more typical case.
median
When a large data file needs to be processed in ascending or descending order based on a particular field, the most efficient approach is usually to store and access records based on their logical order.
true
It is relatively easy for people to keep track of arrays with more than three dimensions.
false
In a(n) ____, if an element is out of order relative to any of the items earlier in the list, you move each earlier item down one position and then insert the tested element.
insertion sort
____ are arrays that have more than one dimension.
Multidimensional arrays
Each element in a two-dimensional array requires ____ subscript(s) to reference it.
two
When using a bubble sort to sort a 10-element array, on the fourth pass through the array list you detect that no swap has occurred. This indicates ____.
all elements in the array are already in the correct order
The input value that makes the recursion stop is called the base case or ending case.
False
When you ____ a method, you write multiple methods with a shared name but different parameter lists.
overload
When a data item is known to all of a program’s modules, it is a ____data item.
global
A program module that contains a series of statements that carry out a task
method
The declaration or definition
method header
A copy of a variable’s value is sent to the method and stored in a new memory location accessible to the method
passed by value
A new memory location is reserved and named
redeclared
The arguments sent to a method in a method call
actual parameters
When the method receives the actual memory address of the array and has access to the actual values in the array elements
passed by refference
The ability of a method to act appropriately according to the context
polymorphism
When all the operations in a method contribute to the performance of a single task
functionally cohesive
Occurs when methods have access to the same globally defined variables
tight coupling
Occurs when a copy of data that must be shared is passed from one method to another
loose coupling
In implementation hiding, the calling method needs to understand only the interface to the method that is called and it need not know how the method works internally.
true
The method name and parameter list constitute the ____.
signature
____ occurs when methods excessively depend on each other and makes programs more prone to errors.
Tight coupling
Variables and constants are ____ within, or local to, only the method in which they are declared.
in scope
You can think of the ____ in a method declaration as a funnel into the method.
parentheses
A method can return nothing, in which case the method is a ____ method.
void
A method’s return type is part of its signature.
false
____ is a measure of the strength of the connection between two program methods.
coupling
When methods must share data, you can pass the data into and return the data out of methods.
true
Arrays, unlike simple built-in types, are passed by ____.
reference
Every time you call a method, the address to which the program should return at the completion of the method is stored in a memory location called the ____.
stack
____ refers to how the internal statements of a method serve to accomplish the method’s purpose.
cohesion
____ is the ability of a method to act appropriately depending on the context.
Polymorphism
A method that calls itself is a ____.
recursive method
The saved version of a master file is the ____ file; the updated version is the child file.
parent
A ____ is a copy that is kept in case values need to be restored to their original state.
backup file
When you ____ a file, it is no longer available to your application.
close
A ____ is a temporary detour in the logic of a program.
control break
Characters are made up of smaller elements called ____.
bits
____ files involves combining two or more files while maintaining the sequential order.
merging
When you learn a method like sorting, programmers say you are learning a(n) ____.
algorithm
The ____ is skewed by a few very high or low values.
mean
Because "A" is always less than "B", alphabetic sorts are ____ sorts.
ascending
In a ____, items in a list are compared with each other in pairs.
bubble sort
An insertion sort is another name for a bubble sort.
false
You can make additional improvements to a bubble sort to reduce unnecessary comparisons.
true
A two-dimensional array contains two dimensions: ____.
height and width
Every time you add a new record to a linked list, you search through the list for the correct ____ location of the new record.
logical
____ occurs when a method is defined in terms of itself.
Recursion
Each time a method executes, any parameter variables listed in the method header are ____.
redeclared
You can invoke or call a method from another program or method.
true
Programs that use recursion are error-prone but easy to debug.
false
A called method accepts the value of an argument passed to it as its ____.
parameter
A method’s name and parameter list constitute the method’s ____.
signature
A method’s declared return type must match the type of value used in the return statement.
true
Using implementation hiding means that the ____ is the only part of a method with which the method’s client interacts.
interface to the method
A method could be called using any numeric value as an argument, whether it is a variable, a named constant, or a literal constant.
true
When you copy data from a file on a storage device into RAM, you ____ from the file.
read
Programmers usually use the word "write" to mean "produce hard copy output."
false
When a program uses a ____, it reads all the records in the file from beginning to end, processing them one at a time.
sequential file
In most programming languages, before an application can use a data file, it must ____
open the file
A ____ is a collection of data stored on a nonvolatile device in a computer system.
computer file
The terms "parent" and "child" can refer to file backup generations, but they are also used for a different purpose in object-oriented programming.
true
____ are groups of fields that go together for some logical reason.
records
____ applications require that a record be accessed immediately while a client is waiting.
Real-time
One way to access records in a desired order, even though they might not be physically stored in that order, is to create a(n) ____.
linked list
You do not need to determine a record’s exact physical address in order to use it.
true
The sorting process is usually reserved for a relatively large number of data items.
false
When you sort records, two possible approaches are to place related data items in parallel arrays and to ____.
sort records as a whole
The most popular computer coding schemes include ASCII, Numeric, and EBCDIC.
false
When you ____ records, you store a list of key fields paired with the storage address for the corresponding data record.
index
Two-dimensional arrays are never actually required in order to achieve a useful program.
true
The last statement in a method is a(n) ____.
return statement
When a copy of a variable is sent to a method, it is passed by ____.
value
Programmers use the term ____ to describe any extra time and resources required by an operation.
overhead
Files in which records must be accessed immediately are sometimes called instant access files.
true
Files exist on ____ storage devices, such as hard disks, DVDs, USB drives, and reels of magnetic tape.
permanent
You update the transaction file with data from the master file.
false
To write a program that produces a report of employees by department number, the records must be grouped by department number before you begin processing.
true
An array whose elements you can access using a single subscript is a ____ array.
one-dimensional
Some programming languages allow multidimensional arrays.
true
Arranging records one after another based on the value in a particular field
sequential order
Arranging records from highest to lowest value within a field
descending oder
The value of the middle item when the values are listed in order
median
The arithmetic average
mean
A two-dimensional array
table
A "real" order for storage
physical order
A virtual order based on any criterion you choose
logical order
Used to identify computer memory and storage locations
addresses
Methods with identical names that have identical parameter lists but different return types are ambiguous.
true
A calling method sends a(n) ____ to a called method.
argument
All modern programming languages contain many methods that are predefined.
true
The keyboard and printer are the default input and output devices.
false
When records are in ____ order, they are arranged one after another on the basis of the value in a particular field.
sequential
____ refers to how the internal statements of a method serve to accomplish the method’s purpose.
cohesion
____ provide an overview of input to the method, the processing steps that must occur, and the result.
IPO charts
____ occurs when methods do not depend on others.
Loose coupling
Using implementation hiding means that the ____ is the only part of a method with which the method’s client interacts.