The allegory of the German nation who wears a crown of oak leaves was a

अपनी वेबसाइट पर हम डाटा संग्रह टूल्स, जैसे की कुकीज के माध्यम से आपकी जानकारी एकत्र करते हैं ताकि आपको बेहतर अनुभव प्रदान कर सकें, वेबसाइट के ट्रैफिक का विश्लेषण कर सकें, कॉन्टेंट व्यक्तिगत तरीके से पेश कर सकें और हमारे पार्टनर्स, जैसे की Google, और सोशल मीडिया साइट्स, जैसे की Facebook, के साथ लक्षित विज्ञापन पेश करने के लिए उपयोग कर सकें। साथ ही, अगर आप साइन-अप करते हैं, तो हम आपका ईमेल पता, फोन नंबर और अन्य विवरण पूरी तरह सुरक्षित तरीके से स्टोर करते हैं। आप कुकीज नीति पृष्ठ से अपनी कुकीज हटा सकते है और रजिस्टर्ड यूजर अपने प्रोफाइल पेज से अपना व्यक्तिगत डाटा हटा या एक्सपोर्ट कर सकते हैं। हमारी Cookies Policy, Privacy Policy और Terms & Conditions के बारे में पढ़ें और अपनी सहमति देने के लिए Agree पर क्लिक करें।

अपनी वेबसाइट पर हम डाटा संग्रह टूल्स, जैसे की कुकीज के माध्यम से आपकी जानकारी एकत्र करते हैं ताकि आपको बेहतर अनुभव प्रदान कर सकें, वेबसाइट के ट्रैफिक का विश्लेषण कर सकें, कॉन्टेंट व्यक्तिगत तरीके से पेश कर सकें और हमारे पार्टनर्स, जैसे की Google, और सोशल मीडिया साइट्स, जैसे की Facebook, के साथ लक्षित विज्ञापन पेश करने के लिए उपयोग कर सकें। साथ ही, अगर आप साइन-अप करते हैं, तो हम आपका ईमेल पता, फोन नंबर और अन्य विवरण पूरी तरह सुरक्षित तरीके से स्टोर करते हैं। आप कुकीज नीति पृष्ठ से अपनी कुकीज हटा सकते है और रजिस्टर्ड यूजर अपने प्रोफाइल पेज से अपना व्यक्तिगत डाटा हटा या एक्सपोर्ट कर सकते हैं। हमारी Cookies Policy, Privacy Policy और Terms & Conditions के बारे में पढ़ें और अपनी सहमति देने के लिए Agree पर क्लिक करें।

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• Answer:

                    Marianne and Germania were both female allegories invented by artists in the 19th century to represent the nation. Importance of the way in which they were portrayed: (i) Marianne was seen in a red cap, the tricolour and the arcade. The statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the public of the national symbol of unity. (ii) Germania became the allegory of the German nation. Germania wears a crown of oak leaves as German Oak stands for heroism. It was hung from the ceiling of St Paul's Church, where the Frankfurt parliament was convened to symbolise the liberal revolution.
  

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                    Liberalism meant different things to different people. Political liberalism: (i) It stood for equality before the law. (ii) Revolutionary France marked the first political experiment in liberal democracy in which right to vote and get elected was granted exclusively to property-owning men. (iii) Men without property, and all women were excluded from political rights. (iv) Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, women and non-propertied men organised opposition movements demanding equal political rights. Economic liberalism: (i) It stood for freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. (ii) Customs Union or 'zollverein' was formed in Prussia, joined by most of the German states. (iii) The Union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from thirty to two.
  

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                    Conservatism is a political philosophy that stressed the importance of the tradition and preferred gradual development to quick change. Features of the believers of conservatism: (i) They believed in established, traditional institutions of state and policy. (ii) They believed in a monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, etc. (iii) They did not propose to return to the society of pre-revolutionary days, rather they realised that modernisation could, in fact, strengthen the traditional institutions like the monarchy.
  

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                    (i) Greece had been a part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century. (ii) The growth of revolutionary movements in Europe provoked Greeks to struggle for their independence. (iii) Many western Europeans supported Greeks to sympathies with the ancient Greek culture. (iv) Poets and artists mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim Empire. (v) English poet. Lord Byron organised trends and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever. (vi) Finally, with the Treaty of Constantinople, in 1832, Greece was recognized as an independent nation.
  

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                    The main clauses of the Treaty of Vienna signed in 1815 were: (i) The Bourbon dynasty which had been deposed during the French Revolution was restored to power. (ii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in the future. (iii) Kingdom of Netherlands was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south. (iv) Prussia was given new territories to its west and Austria was given control of northern Italy. (v) Russia was given part of Poland, while Prussia was, given a portion of Saxony. (vi) Their main aim was to restore monarchies and create a new conservative order in Europe.
  

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                    Features: (i) Men and women walking across the statue  of liberty offering homage. (ii) Statue of liberty has a torch of enlightenment and Charter of the Rights of Man. (iii) On the Earth lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions.
  

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• Answer:

                    (i) Students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs like in France, in European countries. (ii) Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for French armies. (iii) With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.
  

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                    (i) It ruled over Austria-Hungary. (ii) It was a patchwork of many different regions and people. (iii) It also included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.
  

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                    (i) The right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to property- owning men. (ii) Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights. (iii) The Napoleonic Code went back to limited  suffrage and reduced women to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of father and husband.
  

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                    (i) New conservatisms did not propose a return to the society of pre- revolutionary days. (ii) They believed that modernisation could in fact, strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy. (iii) A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe.
  

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                    Gluseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary. He was born in Genoa and became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. (i) At the age of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution. (ii) He founded two more secret societies: (a) Young Italy in Marseilles, (b) Young Europe in Berne. (iii) Members of these underground societies were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and German states. (iv) Mazzini's relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives.
  

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                    (i) Most of the European countries followed them persistently (ii) The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of Netherlands. (iii) An event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe was the Greek war of independence.
  

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                    (i) Romantic artists and poets created a sense of shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation. (ii) It was through folk songs, folk poetry, and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularised. (iii) Emphasis was given on the vernacular language and the collection of folklore, to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences.
  

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                    (i) In 1845, weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied them with raw materials and got finished goods. (ii) A crowd of weavers marched in pairs up to the mansion of their contractors, demanding higher wages. (iii) They smashed their windowpanes and also plundered the supply of cloth. As a result, the contractors fled away from their houses with their families.
  

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                    (i) Women had formed their own political associations. (ii) They took part in political meetings and demonstrations. (iii) Women attended the Frankfurt parliament also, though as observers, since the right to vote was not given to them.
  

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                    (i) Bismarck followed the policy of' Blood and Iron'. (ii) He was the architect of this process, carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. (iii) Three wars were fought for over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France, which ended in the victory of Prussia and completed the process of unification.
  

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                    (i) A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. (ii) Ideas of nationalism in the Balkans with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive. (iii) The rebellion nationalities in the Balkans thought of their struggles as attempts to win back their long lasting independence.
  

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• Answer:

                    In this painting, French artist visualises his dream of a world made up of democratic and social Republics, as he called them. It shows people of Europe and America?men and women of all ages and social classes?marching in a long train and offering homage to the statue of liberty. On the earth, in the foreground of the image lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions.
  

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                    France was a full-fledged territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch. The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from monarchy to a body of French citizens. The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
  

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                    Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in certain cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty. But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom. Increased taxation, censorships, forced recruitment into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes.
  

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                    (i) Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories. (ii) Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which lived diverse people. They did not see themselves as sharing a collective identity or a common culture. Often they even spoke different languages and belonged to different ethnic groups.
  

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                    In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movements of goods and capital. In German-speaking regions during Napolean's rule there were 39 states, each of it possessed its own currency and weights and measures. A merchant travelling from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods had to pass through 11 customs barriers and pay a customs duty of about 5 per cent at each one of them.
  

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    During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal- nationalists underground. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. To be revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress, and to fight for liberty and freedom.
  

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                    As conservative regimes tried to consolidate their power, liberalism and nationalism came to be increasingly associated with revolution in many regions of Europe such as the Italian and German states, the provinces of Ottoman Europe, Ireland and Poland. These revolutions were led by the liberal nationalists belonging to the educated middle class elite. Among them, there were professors, school- teachers, clerks and members of the commercial middle classes, who all believed in liberal nationalism and wanted to fight for it.
  

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• Answer:

                    Poland had been partitioned at the end of the 18th century by the Great Powers?Russia, Prussia and Austria. Even though Poland no longer existed as an independent territory, nationalist feelings were kept alive through music and language. Karol Kurpinski, celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.
  

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                    (i) The year 1848 was the year of food shortages and widespread unemployment. It brought the population of Paris on the roads. (ii) Barricades were erected and Louis Phillippe was forced to flee. (iii) A National Assembly proclaimed a Republic, granted suffrage to all adult males above the age of 21 and guaranteed the right to work. National workshops to provide employment were also set up.
  

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