Quantum computing uses quantum states to simultaneously encode two values per bit, called a ___

Home / Architecture / Systems Architecture 7th Edition Stephen D Burd- Test Bank

Systems Architecture 7th Edition Stephen D Burd- Test Bank

Sample Questions

Instant Download With Answers

Chapter_02_Introduction_to_Systems_Architecture

True / False

1. Some commercial computers have used quantum physics to perform data storage and computation.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	24

2. The Difference Engine computed logarithms by moving gears and other mechanical components.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	22

3. Mechanical computers such as the Mark One were used during World War I to compute trajectory tables for naval guns and torpedoes.

ANSWER:	False
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	22

4. Mechanical computation devices cannot perform complex calculations.

ANSWER:	False
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	22

5. A machine capable of adding whole numbers can multiply whole numbers by executing the addition function multiple times.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	22

6. The biggest impetus for the change to electronic computing devices came during World War I.

ANSWER:	False
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	23

7. Electronic computers addressed most shortcomings of mechanical computation.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	23

8. Light can be used as a basis for computation.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	23

9. Optics have little advantage over electronics in most areas of computing technology.

ANSWER:	False
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	24

10. Optical processors might be easier to fabricate than current processors and are better matched to optical communication technologies.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	24

11. In classical physics, a subatomic particle, such as a photon, can be in multiple places at one time.

ANSWER:	False
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	24

12. All computers are automated computing devices, and all automated computing devices are computers.

ANSWER:	False
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	26

13. A typical computer system must have much more secondary storage capacity than primary storage capacity.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	33

14. A tablet computer is a laptop computer that emphasizes small size, reduced weight, low cost, and wireless networking and is capable of performing only light-duty tasks, such as Web browsing, e-mailing, and word processing.

ANSWER:	False
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	35

15. Server hardware capabilities depend on the resources being shared and the number of simultaneous users.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	37

16. The World Wide Web is sometimes called a network of networks because it interconnects millions of other networks.

ANSWER:	False
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	45

17. A URL identifies one specific WWW resource.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	46

18. The primary role of software is to translate users’ needs and requests into CPU instructions that, when executed, produce a result that satisfies the need or request.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	47

19. The need or idea that motivates a request for computer processing is stated at a specific level.

ANSWER:	False
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	47

20. Windows OSs tend toward an all-inclusive approach to system software, bundling most system software functions in the OS.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	48

21. An end-user accesses a Web-based application via a URL.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	49

22. The evolution of Microsoft OSs is a good example of how software development depends on hardware technology.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	54

23. The 80386 provided hardware support for running multiple programs simultaneously, simplified partitioning primary storage among programs, and provided mechanisms for preventing programs from interfering with one another.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	54

24. A simple definition of a computer is a device that can accept numeric inputs, perform computational functions, and ____.

	a.	communicate results
	b.	solve formulas
	c.	store data on disk or flash RAM
	d.	detect quantum storage states

ANSWER:	a
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	21

25. Early mechanical computation devices were built to perform ____.

	a.	text processing
	b.	mathematical simulation
	c.	repetitive mathematical calculations
	d.	repetitive text operations

ANSWER:	c
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	22

26. Optical computation harnesses the energy of moving ____ to perform computational work.

	a.	muons
	b.	photons
	c.	electrons
	d.	positrons

ANSWER:	b
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	23

27. A particle of light is called a ____.

	a.	muon
	b.	photon
	c.	quantum
	d.	meson

ANSWER:	b
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	23

28. Optical light pulses can be stored indirectly, such as ____.

	a.	on the surface of a DVD
	b.	on the surface of a magnetic disk
	c.	in the blocks of flash memory
	d.	the groves of a record

ANSWER:	a
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	23

29. ____ signals can carry more data than electrical signals.

	a.	Mechanical
	b.	Digital
	c.	Optical
	d.	Quantum

ANSWER:	c
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	24

30. ____ physics describes the behavior of matter at a subatomic level.

	a.	Einsteinian
	b.	Newtonian
	c.	Relativity
	d.	Quantum

ANSWER:	d
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	24

31. Quantum physics describes subatomic behavior with ____.

	a.	physical rules
	b.	mathematical rules
	c.	physical laws
	d.	a combination of physical rules and mathematical laws

ANSWER:	b
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	24

32. In a modern digital computer, data is represented by groups of ____.

	a.	qubits
	b.	photons
	c.	bits
	d.	waves

ANSWER:	c
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	24

33. Any matter that stores data in multiple simultaneous quantum states is called a ____.

	a.	qubit
	b.	bit
	c.	limit
	d.	quantum

ANSWER:	a
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	25

34. In classical physics, a group of 3 bits can store only one of ____ possible values at a time.

ANSWER:	b
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	25

35. The first commercially available quantum computer was built by ____.

	a.	IBM
	b.	Sony
	c.	D-Wave
	d.	Hewlett-Packard

ANSWER:	c
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	25

36. A(n) ____ is a program in which different sets of instructions are applied to different data input values.

	a.	system
	b.	problem
	c.	solution
	d.	algorithm

ANSWER:	d
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	27

37. The CPU contains a few internal storage locations called ____, each capable of holding a single instruction or data item.

	a.	the ALU
	b.	registers
	c.	shifters
	d.	the compiler

ANSWER:	b
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	31

38. Storage devices that hold currently executing programs are called ____

	a.	primary storage
	b.	registers
	c.	qubits
	d.	secondary storage

ANSWER:	a
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	32

39. Storage devices that hold data not needed by currently running programs are called ____

	a.	primary storage
	b.	registers
	c.	qubits
	d.	secondary storage

ANSWER:	d
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	33

40. In current computer hardware, main memory is implemented with silicon-based semiconductor devices commonly called ____.

	a.	Flash
	b.	PROM
	c.	ROM
	d.	RAM

ANSWER:	d
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	32

41. A ____ is a computer system designed to meet a single user’s information-processing needs.

	a.	personal computer
	b.	mainframe
	c.	supercomputer
	d.	minicomputer

ANSWER:	a
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	34

42. A ____ is designed for one purpose—computational speed with large problems.

	a.	supercomputer
	b.	mainframe
	c.	microcomputer
	d.	server

ANSWER:	a
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	38

43. The term ____ can describe computers as small as midrange computers and as large as supercomputers.

	a.	mainframe
	b.	client
	c.	server
	d.	grid

ANSWER:	c
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	38

44. A ____ is a group of similar or identical computers, connected by a high-speed network, that cooperate to provide services or run a single application.

	a.	cloud
	b.	cluster
	c.	blade
	d.	grid

ANSWER:	b
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	41

45. A ____ is a circuit board that contains most of a server.

	a.	grid
	b.	cloud
	c.	cluster
	d.	blade

ANSWER:	d
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	41

46. ____ are typically implemented by installing software on each machine that accepts tasks from a central server and performs them when not busy doing other work.

	a.	Grids
	b.	Clouds
	c.	Clusters
	d.	Blades

ANSWER:	a
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	41

47. A ____ is a set of computing resources with front-end interfaces and back-end resources.

	a.	grid
	b.	cluster
	c.	cloud
	d.	blade

ANSWER:	c
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	42

48. ____ is typically the cheapest component of current information systems.

	a.	System software
	b.	Hardware
	c.	Middleware
	d.	Application software

ANSWER:	b
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	44

49. “____” is the concept that the per-unit cost of producing goods or providing services decreases as the organization size increases.

	a.	Economies of scale
	b.	Economies of measure
	c.	Economies of balance
	d.	Economies of growth

ANSWER:	a
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	45

50. A ____ consists of hardware, software, and transmission media that enable computer systems to share information, software, and hardware resources.

	a.	computer system
	b.	computer network
	c.	computer environment
	d.	computer platform

ANSWER:	b
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	45

51. The complexity of modern networks arises from the huge quantity of ____.

	a.	centralized resources
	b.	local resources
	c.	distributed resources
	d.	cloud services

ANSWER:	c
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	45

52. A specific shared resources within the World Wide Web is identified by a(n) ____.

	a.	URL
	b.	ALU
	c.	CPU
	d.	WWW

ANSWER:	a
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	46

53. A(n) ____ is a stored set of instructions for responding to a specific request, much as you might look up a recipe to prepare a particular dish.

	a.	operating system
	b.	computer system
	c.	compiler
	d.	application program

ANSWER:	d
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	48

54. ____ is targeted to general-purpose tasks that support many application programs and users.

	a.	Application software
	b.	System software
	c.	Niche software
	d.	Commodity software

ANSWER:	b
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	48

55. Most application software is used by ____.

	a.	end users
	b.	programmers
	c.	engineers
	d.	administrators

ANSWER:	a
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	48

56. In the “layered approach,” knowledge of the machine’s physical details is embedded into system software and hidden from users and application programmers. This is commonly referred to as ____.

	a.	machine dependence
	b.	virtualization
	c.	machine independence
	d.	abstraction

ANSWER:	c
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	49

57. The ____ software layer has utility programs used by end users and system administrators to manage and control computer resources.

	a.	system services
	b.	machine independent
	c.	machine dependent
	d.	system management

ANSWER:	d
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	47

58. ____ software describes programs used to develop other programs.

	a.	Application development
	b.	Application design
	c.	Systems
	d.	Application modeling

ANSWER:	a
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	49

59. A ____ is a program that translates instructions in a programming language into CPU instructions.

	a.	compiler
	b.	linker
	c.	program translator
	d.	parser

ANSWER:	c
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	49

60. The ____ chip provided integrated memory caches, enhanced computational capabilities, and increased raw CPU speed. Windows 95 was developed to take better advantage of this chip’s capabilities.

	a.	8088
	b.	80286
	c.	80386
	d.	80486

ANSWER:	d
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	54

61. ____ improved memory access and raw CPU speeds and added features such as support for higher-speed system buses, pipelined instruction execution, and multimedia processing instructions.

	a.	Pentium processors
	b.	Multiple-core CPUs
	c.	80×86 processors
	d.	PowerPC processors

ANSWER:	a
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	54

62. The ____ software layer has utility programs used by system management and application programs to perform common functions

	a.	system management
	b.	system services
	c.	machine independent
	d.	machine dependent

63. A simple definition of a(n) ____________________ is any device that can accept numeric inputs, perform computational functions, such as addition and subtraction, and communicate results.

ANSWER:	computer
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	21

64. The most famous of the mechanical computation devices is the ____________________, built by Charles Babbage in 1821.

ANSWER:	Difference Engine
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	22

65. In a(n) ____________________ device, the movement of electrons performs essentially the same functions as gears and wheels in mechanical computers.

ANSWER:	electronic computing
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	22

66. A moving photon’s ____________________ can be harnessed to perform computational work.

ANSWER:	energy
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	23

67. ____________________ data communication is common in computer networks that cover large distances.

ANSWER:	Optical
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	24

68. For computer components such as processors, ____________________ are expected to gradually supplant electronics during the 21st Century.

ANSWER:	Optics
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	24

69. Current computer technology is based on principles of ____________________ physics developed during the 17th through 20th centuries, including electronics, magnetism, and optics.

ANSWER:	classical
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	24

70. A(n) ____________________ is a device that performs data manipulation and transformation functions including computation, comparison, and data movement.

ANSWER:	processor
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	26

71. A(n) ____________________ is a stored set of instructions for performing a specific task.

ANSWER:	program
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	26

72. In contrast to a formula, a program that implements an algorithm must include comparison and ____________________ instructions.

ANSWER:	branching
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	28

73. The ____________________ is a general-purpose processor that executes all instructions and controls all data movement in the computer system.

ANSWER:	central processing unit CPU
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	30

74. A(n) ____________________ is a computer or group of computers that manages shared resources and enables users and other computer to access those resources over a network.

ANSWER:	server
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	37

75. ____________________ offers flexibility in server configuration and deployment, including the ability to “resize” virtual machines easily to match changing requirements.

ANSWER:	Virtualization
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	39

76. A(n) ____________________ configuration is any arrangement of multiple computers used to support specific services or applications.

ANSWER:	multicomputer
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	40

77. A(n) ____________________ is a group of dissimilar computers, connected by a high-speed network, that cooperate to provide services or run a shared application.

ANSWER:	grid
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	41

78. ____________________ typically make use of both multicomputer configuration and virtualization.

ANSWER:	Clouds
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	42

79. ____________________’s law is the mathematical formula that describes belief that the large and powerful computers will always be more cost effective than smaller ones.

ANSWER:	Grosch
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	44

80. The phrase ____________________ is the concept that the per-unit cost of producing goods or services decreases as the size of the producing or delivering organization increases..

ANSWER:	economies of scale
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	45

81. A(n) ____________________ identifies a specific web resources.

ANSWER:	URL
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	46

82. ____________________ is layered between applications software and computer hardware.

ANSWER:	system software
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	48

83. A(n) ____________________ is application software that is accessed via a URL and uses a Web browser as the primary user interface

ANSWER:	Web-based application
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	49

84. A(n) ____________________ is software accessed over the Internet using Web protocols, such as shipping cost calculator accessed by an online shopping application.

ANSWER:	Web server
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	50

85. A(n) ____________________ is a collection of utility programs that supports users and application programs, allocates resources, and controls access to hardware.

ANSWER:	operating system
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	53

86. A key function of ____________________ software is allocating resources to users and programs.

ANSWER:	system
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	54

87. List two limitations in mechanical computation.

ANSWER:

Complex design and construction

Wear, breakdown, and maintenance of mechanical parts

Limits on operating speed

POINTS:

REFERENCES:

88. Why is the computational capacity/speed of quantum computers much higher than conventional computers for certain types of tasks? Should all computers be quantum computers?

ANSWER:

The qubit enables the computer to store and process multiple data items at the same time. As a result, many computations can be performed on many related data items simultaneously, yielding much greater parallelism and performance than conventional computers.

All computer don’t need to be quantum computers because not all computational problems benefit from the additional power of quantum computing. Also, quantum computers are currently much more expensive than conventional computers. As long as the cost difference remains, quantum computing applied only to problems where its cost-effective.

POINTS:

REFERENCES:

89. Is the term server a computer hardware classification, a mode of computer use, or both?

ANSWER:	It’s primarily a mode of use – managing shared resources and enabling access to them by users and other computer systems. But that mode of use typically implies many simultaneous accesses. The hardware capability required to support many accesses implies larger and more powerful computer systems including midrange, mainframe, and supercomputers.
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	37

90. Discuss the influence of Pentium processors on technology development.

ANSWER:	Pentium processors improved memory access and raw CPU speeds and added features such as support for higher-speed system buses, pipelined instruction execution, and multimedia processing instructions. Microsoft OS development split into two distinct paths. The first path started with Windows 95, which evolved into Windows 98 and finally Windows Me. Multimedia instructions served as a foundation for improved high-resolution graphics and audio and video. The second path was a new family of OSs that began with Windows NT and continued through Windows 2000 and XP. Increased CPU speed and improved memory management enabled Microsoft to embed more sophisticated memory and hardware management capabilities in Windows NT than in other Windows OSs. These improvements also allowed Microsoft to develop server OSs, including Windows 2000 Server and Windows Server 2003.
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	54

Chapter_04_Processor_Technology_and_Architecture

True / False

1. The ALU component of the CPU moves data and instructions between main memory and registers.

ANSWER:	False
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	109

2. One action that occurs during the fetch cycle is incrementing a pointer to the location of the next instruction.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	109

3. The CPU alternates constantly between fetch and execution cycles.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	109

4. The operand of a CPU instruction cannot contain the location of a data item.

ANSWER:	False
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	110

5. Data inputs are accessed from storage or extracted directly from the operands and stored in one or more registers.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	111

6. The control unit cannot execute instructions without assistance from the ALU.

ANSWER:	False
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	111

7. MOVE tests the bit values in the source location and moves these values to the destination location.

ANSWER:	False
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	111

8. With bit strings, NOT treats each bit in the bit string as a separate Boolean value.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	112

9. Binary addition works with complex data types, such as floating-point and double-precision numbers.

ANSWER:	False
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	114

10. Shifting an 8-bit twos complement value to the right by seven positions is a simple way to extract and test the sign bit.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	114

11. Arithmetic SHIFT instructions are more complex when applied to twos complement values because the rightmost bit is a sign bit.

ANSWER:	False
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	114

12. The BRANCH command has one operand containing the memory address of the next instruction.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	116

13. Complex instructions are a tradeoff between processor complexity and program simplicity.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	121

14. RISC is a philosophy of processor design that deliberately includes complex instructions.

ANSWER:	False
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	121

15. Compared with RISC processors, CISC processors have some advantages for computationally intensive applications.

ANSWER:	False
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	121

16. A benchmark program performs specific tasks that can be counted or measured.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	123

17. Pipelining is a method of organizing CPU circuitry so that multiple instructions can be in different stages of execution at the same time.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	129

18. A CPU is a complex system of interconnected electrical switches.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	135

19. A perfect conductor can be described as one having maximum resistance.

ANSWER:	False
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	137

20. Electricity travels through a trace at approximately 70% of the speed of light.

ANSWER:	False
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	138

21. The earliest computers were constructed with ordinary copper wire and vacuum tube switches and were unreliable because of the heat the vacuum tubes generated.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	139

22. Transistors and the tracks that interconnect them are the fundamental building blocks of all CPUs.

ANSWER:	False
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	139

23. Integrated circuits reduced manufacturing cost per circuit because many chips could be manufactured in a single sheet, or wafer.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	139

24. The PC revolution wouldn’t have been possible without standardized microprocessors.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	140

25. According to Moore’s Law, the doubling of transistor density is achieved with a 50% increase in unit cost.

ANSWER:	False
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	143

26. Current fabrication technology is capable of squeezing more than a billion transistors onto a wafer of silicon approximately one square centimeter.

ANSWER:	False
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	141

27. A microprocessor that fails to perform reliably at a higher clock rate might still be usable and rated for sale at a lower clock rate.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	141

28. Low voltage circuits are less susceptible to damage from voltage surges and static electricity.

ANSWER:	False
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	142

29. Early Xeon processors filled an important niche in the small server market but weren’t powerful enough to perform processing duties in many large-scale servers.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	143

30. Practical optical processors will probably appear first as full-fledged computer processors.

ANSWER:	False
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	145

31. Traditional bus interfaces are too slow and power hungry to provide sufficient data transfer capacity between many processors or between processors and primary storage.

ANSWER:	True
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	145

32. The ____ section of the CPU performs all computation and comparison operations.

	a.	register
	b.	ALU
	c.	shifter
	d.	control unit

ANSWER:	b
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	109

33. During the ____ cycle of the CPU, data inputs are prepared for transformation into data outputs.

	a.	execution
	b.	store
	c.	fetch
	d.	wait

ANSWER:	c
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	109

34. During the ____ cycle of the CPU, the transformation takes place and data output is stored.

	a.	execution
	b.	fetch
	c.	store
	d.	wait

ANSWER:	a
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	109

35. A(n) ____ is the lowest-level command that software can direct a processor to perform.

	a.	cycle
	b.	process
	c.	operand
	d.	instruction

ANSWER:	d
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	110

36. The first group of bits in an instruction represents its unique binary number, commonly called the ____.

	a.	data word
	b.	op code
	c.	operand
	d.	operator

ANSWER:	b
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	111

37. Subsequent groups of bits after the first group in an instruction hold its input values, called ____.

	a.	operands
	b.	op codes
	c.	operators
	d.	words

ANSWER:	a
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	111

38. A(n) ____ directs the CPU to route electrical signals representing data inputs through predefined processing circuits that implement the appropriate function.

	a.	operation
	b.	process
	c.	instruction
	d.	cycle

ANSWER:	c
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	110

39. A ____ instruction copies data bits to storage locations and can copy data between any combination of registers and primary storage locations.

	a.	JUMP
	b.	LOAD
	c.	STORE
	d.	MOVE

ANSWER:	d
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	111

40. A ____ operation is a data transfer from main memory into a register.

	a.	store
	b.	load
	c.	jump
	d.	move

ANSWER:	b
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	111

41. A(n) ____ instruction generates the result true if both of its data inputs are true.

	a.	AND
	b.	inclusive OR
	c.	exclusive OR
	d.	NOT

ANSWER:	a
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	113

42. A(n) ____ instruction generates the value true if either or both data inputs are true.

	a.	exclusive OR
	b.	AND
	c.	inclusive OR
	d.	NOT

ANSWER:	c
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	113

43. A(n)____ instruction generates the value true if either (but not both) data input is true.

	a.	AND
	b.	exclusive OR
	c.	inclusive OR
	d.	NOT

ANSWER:	b
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	113

44. The ____ can extract a single bit from a bit string.

	a.	logic SHIFT
	b.	ROTATE
	c.	ADD
	d.	NOT

ANSWER:	a
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	114

45. A ____ instruction causes the processor to depart from sequential instruction order.

	a.	MOVE
	b.	COMPARE
	c.	BRANCH
	d.	HALT

ANSWER:	c
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	116

46. A(n) ____ instruction suspends the normal flow of instruction execution in the current program.

	a.	COMPARE
	b.	ADD
	c.	JUMP
	d.	HALT

ANSWER:	d
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	116

47. ____ instructions represent combinations of primitive processing operations.

	a.	Standard
	b.	Complex
	c.	High-order
	d.	System

ANSWER:	b
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	121

48. ____ is a philosophy of processor design that deliberately includes complex instructions.

	a.	CISC
	b.	RISC
	c.	OR
	d.	XOR

ANSWER:	a
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	121

49. The ____ is a digital circuit that generates timing pulses, or signals, and transmits the pulses to other devices in the computer.

	a.	data clock
	b.	memory clock
	c.	variance clock
	d.	system clock

ANSWER:	d
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	121

50. The frequency at which the system clock generates timing pulses is the system’s ____.

	a.	clock cycle
	b.	clock rate
	c.	pulse rate
	d.	clock pulse

ANSWER:	b
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	122

51. In most CPUs, the ____ is the time required to fetch and execute the simplest instruction in the instruction set.

	a.	cycle time
	b.	block time
	c.	hold time
	d.	rest time

ANSWER:	a
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	122

52. When manipulating single-precision floating-point numbers, CPU performance is measured in ____.

	a.	watts
	b.	MHz
	c.	MFLOPS
	d.	MIPS

ANSWER:	c
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	122

53. Each clock cycle the CPU spends waiting for a slower device is called a ____.

	a.	suspend state
	b.	block state
	c.	hold state
	d.	wait state

ANSWER:	d
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	123

54. A ____ performs specific tasks that can be counted or measured.

	a.	benchmark program
	b.	metric program
	c.	compiler
	d.	system program

ANSWER:	a
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	123

55. ____ are used only by the currently executing program.

	a.	Reserved registers
	b.	Kernel registers
	c.	Instruction registers
	d.	General-purpose registers

ANSWER:	d
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	125

56. ____ hold frequently used data items such as loop counters and array indexes.

	a.	Reserved registers
	b.	Kernel registers
	c.	Instruction registers
	d.	General-purpose registers

ANSWER:	d
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	125

57. When the control unit fetches an instruction from memory, it stores it in the ____.

	a.	load register
	b.	instruction register
	c.	first general-purpose register
	d.	control register

ANSWER:	b
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	126

58. The register that holds bit values (flags) that describe comparison operation results, control conditional BRANCH execution, or indicate actual or potential error conditions ____.

	a.	load register
	b.	instruction register
	c.	program status word
	d.	control register

ANSWER:	c
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	126

59. A ____ is a unit of data containing a fixed number of bytes or bits and can be loosely defined as the amount of data a CPU processes at one time.

	a.	block
	b.	unit
	c.	word
	d.	pixel

ANSWER:	c
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	127

60. The term ____ describes instructions executed after the guess but before the final result is known with certainty.

	a.	speculative execution
	b.	consecutive execution
	c.	parallel execution
	d.	symmetric execution

ANSWER:	a
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	132

61. ____ describes any CPU architecture in which duplicate CPUs or processor stages can execute in parallel.

	a.	Uniprocessing
	b.	Scaled processing
	c.	Hyperprocessing
	d.	Multiprocessing

ANSWER:	d
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	132

62. ____ is the flow of electrons from one place or device to another.

	a.	Electrical voltage
	b.	Electrical current
	c.	Electrical resistance
	d.	Electrical conduction

ANSWER:	b
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	136

63. Substances that electrons can flow through are called ____.

	a.	resistors
	b.	semiconductors
	c.	conductors
	d.	insulators

ANSWER:	c
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	137

64. The loss of electrical power that occurs as electrons pass through a conductor is called ____.

	a.	resistance
	b.	voltage
	c.	amperage
	d.	wattage

ANSWER:	a
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	137

65. ____ has been the primary basis for CPU speed and clock rate improvement since the first electrical computer.

	a.	Consolidation
	b.	Cooling
	c.	Power
	d.	Miniaturization

ANSWER:	d
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	138

66. Silicon and germanium are basic elements with resistance characteristics that can be controlled or enhanced with chemicals called ____.

	a.	resistors
	b.	dopants
	c.	reactants
	d.	reagents

ANSWER:	b
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	139

67. A(n) ____ is an electrical switch with three electrical connections.

	a.	transistor
	b.	resistor
	c.	insulator
	d.	conductor

ANSWER:	a
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	139

68. Several transistors and their interconnections on a single chip form a(n) ____.

	a.	optimized circuit
	b.	combination circuit
	c.	integrated circuit
	d.	reduced circuit

ANSWER:	c
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	139

69. ____ is based on the observation that the rate of increase in transistor density on microchips had increased steadily, roughly doubling every 18 to 24 months.

	a.	Lamb’s Law
	b.	Newton’s Law
	c.	Rock’s Law
	d.	Moore’s Law

ANSWER:	d
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	140

70. ____ states that the cost of fabrication facilities for the latest chip generation doubles every four years.

	a.	Rock’s Law
	b.	Moore’s Law
	c.	Nelson’s Law
	d.	Lamb’s Law

ANSWER:	a
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	140

71. Quantum computing uses quantum states to simultaneously encode two values per bit, called a ____.

	a.	bi-bit
	b.	neobit
	c.	qubit
	d.	sim-bit

ANSWER:	c
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	145

72. ____________________ are storage locations that hold inputs and outputs for the ALU.

ANSWER:	Registers
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	109

73. The ____________________ of the CPU keeps track of the next program instruction location by incrementing a pointer after each fetch.

ANSWER:	control unit
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	109

74. A(n) ____________________ is a command to the CPU to perform a primitive processing function on specific data inputs.

ANSWER:	instruction
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	110

75. The collection of instructions that a CPU can process is called the CPU’s ____________________.

ANSWER:	instruction set
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	111

76. A(n) ____________________ operation is a data transfer from a register into primary storage.

ANSWER:	store
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	111

77. A(n) ____________________ instruction transforms the Boolean value true (1) into false (0) and the value false into true.

ANSWER:	NOT
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	112

78. A(n) ____________________ instruction accepts two numeric inputs and produces their arithmetic sum.

ANSWER:	ADD
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	112

79. A(n) ____________________ SHIFT instruction performs multiplication or division.

ANSWER:	arithmetic
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	114

80. In a(n) ____________________ instruction, the processor always departs from the normal execution sequence.

ANSWER:	unconditional BRANCH
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	116

81. CPU and computer system clock rates are expressed in cycles per second, also called ____________________.

ANSWER:

hertz (Hz)

hertz

POINTS:

REFERENCES:

122

82. A(n) ____________________ is a measure of CPU or computer system performance when carrying out one or more specific tasks.

ANSWER:	benchmark
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	123

83. The instruction pointer (IP) can also be called the “____________________.”

ANSWER:	program counter
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	126

84. The word size of recent processor generations such as the Intel Core2 and IBM POWER 8 is ____________________ bits.

ANSWER:	64
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	128

85. ____________________ is a method of organizing CPU circuitry so that multiple instructions can be in different stages of execution at the same time.

ANSWER:	Pipelining
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	129

86. Electronic ____________________ control electrical current flow in a circuit and are implemented as transistors.

ANSWER:	switches
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	135

87. A(n) ____________________ is a circuit that can perform a processing function on a single binary electrical signal, or bit.

ANSWER:	gate
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	135

88. Conductive molecules are typically arranged in straight lines, generically called wires or ____________________.

ANSWER:	traces
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	136

89. The capability of an element or a substance to enable electron flow is called ____________________.

ANSWER:	conductivity
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	137

90. The ____________________ of most materials increases as their temperature increases.

ANSWER:	resistance
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	137

91. A(n) ____________________ is an object specifically designed to absorb heat and rapidly dissipate it via air or water movement.

ANSWER:	heat sink
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	138

92. The conductivity of ____________________ varies in response to the electrical inputs applied.

ANSWER:	semiconductors
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	139

93. ____________________ are made of semiconductor material that has been treated, or doped, with chemical impurities to enhance the semiconducting effects.

ANSWER:	Transistors
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	139

94. A(n) ____________________ consists of billions of electrical devices on a single chip.

ANSWER:	microchip
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	139

95. A(n) ____________________ is a microchip containing all the circuits and connections that implement a CPU.

ANSWER:	microprocessor
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	139

96. In an electrical computer, ____________________ is performed by forcing electricity to flow through millions of electrical switches and wires.

ANSWER:	computation
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	144

97. ____________________ transistors are a bridge between electrical and optical computer components.

ANSWER:	Electro-optical
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	145

98. Discuss the chain of events that occurs when the CPU executes a program.

ANSWER:	A complex chain of events occurs when the CPU executes a program. To start, the control unit reads the first instruction from primary storage. It then stores the instruction in a register and, if necessary, reads data inputs from primary storage and stores them in registers. If the instruction is a computation or comparison instruction, the control unit signals the ALU what function to perform, where the input data is located, and where to store the output data. The control unit handles executing instructions to move data to memory, I/O devices, or secondary storage. When the first instruction has been executed, the next instruction is read and executed. This process continues until the program’s final instruction has been executed.
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	109

99. Identify four activities the control unit performs during the CPU fetch cycle.

ANSWER:

Fetches an instruction from primary storage

Increments a pointer to the location of the next instruction

Separates the instruction into components—the instruction code (or number) and the data inputs to the instruction

Stores each component in a separate register

POINTS:

REFERENCES:

109

100. List two examples of sequence control operations that alter the flow of instruction execution.

ANSWER:

Unconditional BRANCH

Conditional BRANCH

HALT

POINTS:

REFERENCES:

116

101. Why is clock rate a poor or incomplete measure of processor performance?

ANSWER:	The true measure of processor performance is the rate at which instructions are executed. Clock rate partly determines that rate. But other factors including the program being executed, wait states, and parallelism are also important in determining that rate. If two processors are otherwise identical, then faster clock rate implies a greater ate of instruction execution. But if two processors are different, clock rate alone doesn’t convey a complete picture of their performance. This is especially true when comparing CISC and RISC processors.
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	122

102. What are the 1-bit and 2-bit processing functions performed by gates?

ANSWER:	The 1-bit and 2-bit processing functions performed by gates include the logical functions AND, OR, XOR, and NOT.
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	135

103. Discuss the issues with heat with respect to chips.

ANSWER:	Resistance can also cause problems due to heat. Because a chip is a sealed package, there’s no way to circulate air or any other substance around its circuits. Heat must migrate through the chip carrier to be dissipated by a fan or heat sink. Heat generation per circuit is minimized by the circuits’ small size, low operating voltage, and low-resistance materials, but each device and trace does generate heat. Higher clock rates generate more heat as more electrons are forced through the circuits. Inadequate or barely adequate cooling can substantially shorten a microprocessor’s operating life.
POINTS:	1
REFERENCES:	138