Biosocial criminologists dismiss the nature versus nurture argument in favor of nature via nurture.

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42. True or False? The findings of most behavior genetic studies aresupportive of the idea that genes affect antisocial behavior.

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43. True or False? According to evolutionary psychologists, while weall have the potential to exploit others, most of us do not because ourminds have been forged by evolution to form cooperative relationshipswith others.

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44. True or False? Humans invest more in parenting effort than anyother species.*a. Trueb. False

45. True or False? The neurosciences focus their attention on traitsthat are inherited at birth.

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46. True or False? Individuals who have a dominant BIS are at a greaterrisk for criminality.

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47. True or False? The behavioral activating system is associated withthe neurotransmitter dopamine.

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48. True or False? Damage to the prefrontal cortex can increase thelikelihood that a person will engage in antisocial behavior.*a. Trueb. False

49. True or False? One of the issues with biosocial studies of crime isthat they are more expensive to conduct than most social sciencestudies.

Criminology 012Chapter 08: Biosocial ApproachesThe Biosocial ApproachBiosocial criminologists believe that because humans have brains, genes, hormones andan evolutionary history, they should integrate insights from the disciplines that studythese things into their theories and dismiss naïve nature versus nurture arguments infavor of nature via nurture.Any trait, characteristic, or behavior of any living thing is always the result of biologicalfactors interacting with environmental factors, which is why we call modern biologicallyinformed criminology biosocial rather than biological.Behavior GeneticsBranch of genetics that studies the relative contributions of heredity and environment tobehavioral and personality characteristics. Genes and environments work together todevelop all the traits – height, weight, IQ, impulsiveness, blood sugar levels, bloodpressure, and so on – the sum of which constitutes the person.Genes do not cause us to behave or feel; they simply facilitate tendencies or dispositionsto respond to environments in one way rather than in another.Genes and environments are always jointly responsible for any human characteristic.Quantify the extent to which genes influence a trait with a measure called heritability.Measure trait in a population.Gene environment Interaction and CorrelationDescribe people's active transactions with their environment.Gene-environment interaction (GxE) involves the common sense notion that people aredifferentially sensitive to identical environmental influences and will thus respond indifferent ways to them.Gene environment correlation (rGE) means that genotypes and environments are related.All living things are designed to be responsive to their environments, and GxE and rGEhelp us to understand how by showing the indirect way that genes help to determinewhat aspects of the environment will and will not be important to us.There are three types of G-E correlation.Passive rGE is the positive association between genes and their environment that existsbecause biological parents provide children with genes linked to certain traits and anenvironment favorable for their expression. Setting them on a trajectory that isindependents (passively) of their actions.Evocative rGE refers to the way others react to the individual on the basis of his or herbehavior. Serves to magnify phenotypic differences.Active rGE refers to the active seeking of environments compatible with our geneticdispositions. Active rGE assures us that our minds andpersonalities are not simplyproducts of external forces, and that our choices are not just passive responses to socialforces and situations. We are active agents who create our own environments just as theyhelp us create us.