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Page 2

From: Personality trait differences across types of entrepreneurs: a systematic literature review

Differentiation Entrepreneur
sub-type
% of studies Exemplary definition
given in previous research
Source of
exemplary definition
No differentiation General entrepreneurs 42 “Working individuals are classified as self-employed when they report self-employment as their primary activity” Caliendo et al. (2014)
Differentiation by stage of business Nascent entrepreneurs 13 "New Finnish startups […] approximately four/six months had passed since the startups become active" Hyytinen et al. (2015)
Successful entrepreneurs 5 "Successful entrepreneurs and their firms (…) entrepreneurs who were selected as finalists in first six years of the Ernst & Young Russian Entrepreneur of the Year competition”" McCarthy et al. (2018)
Incubator participants 2 "High-potential early-stage entrepreneurs in a business accelerator program" Schmitt et al. (2018)
Differentiation by type of business Family-business entrepreneurs 4 “Family-owned (…) and nonfamily-owned (…) small- and medium-sized tourism enterprise owners in regional South Australia” Hallak et al. (2014)
Agrirural entrepreneurs 2 "Agrirural entrepreneurs in Taiwan" Liang (2019)
Technological entrepreneurs 2 "Technology-based enterprises. (…) firms founded by former employees of MIT major laboratories and engineering departments as well as by the former employees of a government laboratory, a major non-profit systems engineering organization and two large technological corporations." Roberts (1989)
Retail & service entrepreneurs 2 "Owners of small retail businesses in Vietnam [from (…)] the Tam Bac Market (…) in urban Hai Phong" Dalton et al. (2020)
Franchise entrepreneurs 1 "Franchises from one Midwestern U.S. state" Cumberland et al. (2015)
Differentiation by entrepreneur characteristics Previously unemployed entrepreneurs 2 "Outplaced executives [(…) with] subsequent new-business start-ups" Wooten et al. (1999)
Immigrant entrepreneurs 1 "Entrepreneurs […] of the Bangladeshi immigrant community […] living in the greater London area" Ahmed (1985)
Non-entrepreneurs with entrepreneurial interest General students with entrepreneurial interest 17 "83 (…) real entrepreneurs, 254 (…) university students with high scores in entrepreneurial intention" López-Núñez et al. (2020)
Business students with entrepreneurial interest 13 "Business students taking courses at public universities in Madrid" Espíritu-Olmos and Sastre-Castillo (2015)
Scientists/academics 1 “Entrepreneurial behavior in a sample of German scientists (…) in the German Federal State of Thuringia, which has a legacy of academic entrepreneurship” Obschonka et al. (2012)

  1. Percentages add up to more than 100% because some studies sampled more than one sub-type of entrepreneur. Several studies compared the outlined sub-type of entrepreneur to a general or specific comparison group