Which of the following was not built on the Athenian Acropolis

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The purpose of the Parthenon has changed over its 2,500-year history, beginning as a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena Parthenos (“Athena the Virgin”). Some scholars, however, question the building’s religious function, partly because no altar from the 5th century BCE has been found. All experts agree that early on the Parthenon was used as a treasury. In subsequent centuries the building was transformed into a Byzantine church, a Roman Catholic cathedral, and later a mosque. The temple was then used to store the Ottomans’ ammunition during a war with the Venetians, which is how an explosion led to the building’s ruin in 1687. After serving as an army barracks at the end of Greece’s war for independence (1821–32), the Parthenon assumed its role as tourist destination during the late 19th century, just as restoration efforts began.

The careful placement of precisely cut masonry ensured that the Parthenon remained essentially intact for over two millennia. Although some of the sculptures were removed when the building was converted to a Byzantine church, the structure survived—even during its later transformation into a Roman Catholic cathedral and then a mosque. Indeed, it did not become a ruin until 1687, when, during the bombardment of the Acropolis by Venetians fighting the Turks, a powder magazine stored in the temple exploded and destroyed the centre of the building. The Venetians then inadvertently smashed several sculptures while attempting to remove them as loot, and Thomas Bruce, Lord Elgin, later brought a substantial portion of the surviving sculptures to England. After Greece gained independence from the Ottoman Empire, efforts were made to restore the building, but the campaign headed by engineer Nikolaos Balanos proved to have caused more damage, and in 1975 a multi-decade restoration began. Each salvageable piece of marble was returned to its original position, while gaps were filled with new marble from the same quarry the ancient Athenians had used. The time-consuming project lasted over 40 years.

Directed by the Athenian statesman Pericles, constructing the Parthenon was the work of the architects Ictinus and Callicrates under the supervision of the sculptor Phidias. According to the former coordinator of the late 20th/early 21st-century restoration, Manolis Korres, builders of the Parthenon mined 100,000 tons of marble from a quarry about 10 miles from Athens. Using wagons, they conveyed blocks of marble from the quarry and up the Acropolis’s incline. The blocks were carved and trimmed by hand on-site with meticulous precision—a necessity when building without mortar. Because the Athenians were a great naval power, experts speculate that they adeptly used a system of pulleys, ropes, and wood cranes to tow and lift the marble blocks.

Although the Parthenon is regarded as the culmination of the Doric order, it has several Ionic elements, including the interior frieze (a sculptural band). It also embodies an extraordinary number of architectural refinements, which some experts believe were intended to correct for distortions in human vision. Among them are an upward curvature of the base, called the stylobate, along the ends and repeated in the entablature; an imperceptible delicate convexity (entasis) of the columns as they diminish in diameter toward the top; and thickening of the four corner columns to counteract the thinning effect of being seen at certain angles against the sky. Hence, the Parthenon’s look of perfection is an illusion.

Read more about the three Classical orders of architecture.

Work on the Parthenon began in 447 bceunder the architects Ictinus and Callicrates with the supervision of the sculptor Phidias. The building was completed by 438, and that same year a great gold and ivory statue of Athena, made by Phidias for the interior, was dedicated. Work on the exterior decoration of the building continued until 432 bce.

Athens: Parthenon

Although the rectangular white marble Parthenon has suffered damage over the centuries, including the loss of most of its sculpture, its basic structure has remained intact. A colonnade of fluted baseless columns with square capitals stands on a three-stepped base and supports an entablature, or roof structure, consisting of a plain architrave, or band of stone; a frieze of alternating triglyphs (vertically grooved blocks) and metopes (plain blocks with relief sculpture, now partly removed); and, at the east and west ends, a low triangular pediment, also with relief sculpture (now mostly removed). The colonnade, consisting of 8 columns on the east and west and 17 on the north and south, encloses a walled interior rectangular chamber, or cella, originally divided into three aisles by two smaller Doric colonnades closed at the west end just behind the great cult statue. The only light came through the east doorway, except for some that might have filtered through the marble tiles in the roof and ceiling. Behind the cella, but not originally connected with it, is a smaller square chamber entered from the west. The east and west ends of the interior of the building are each faced by a portico of six columns. Measured by the top step of the base, the building is 101.34 feet (30.89 metres) wide and 228.14 feet (69.54 metres) long.

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The Parthenon embodies an extraordinary number of architectural refinements, which combine to give a plastic, sculptural appearance to the building. Among them are an upward curvature of the base along the ends and repeated in the entablature; an imperceptible delicate convexity (entasis) of the columns as they diminish in diameter toward the top; and a thickening of the four corner columns to counteract the thinning effect of being seen at certain angles against the sky.