Which method of assessing efficiency involves a count of how much a function in software is used?

Metrics are measures of quantitative assessment commonly used for assessing, comparing, and tracking performance or production. Generally, a group of metrics will typically be used to build a dashboard that management or analysts review on a regular basis to maintain performance assessments, opinions, and business strategies. 

Metrics have been used in accounting, operations, and performance analysis throughout history.

Metrics come in a wide range of varieties with industry standards and proprietary models often governing their use.

Executives use them to analyze corporate finance and operational strategies. Analysts use them to form opinions and investment recommendations. Portfolio managers use metrics to guide their investing portfolios. Furthermore, project managers also find them essential in leading and managing strategic projects of all kinds.

Overall, metrics refer to a wide variety of data points generated from a multitude of methods. Best practices across industries have created a common set of comprehensive metrics used in ongoing evaluations. However, individual cases and scenarios typically guide the choice of metrics used.

Every business executive, analyst, portfolio manager, and the project manager has a range of data sources available to them for building and structuring their own metric analysis. This can potentially make it difficult to choose the best metrics needed for important assessments and evaluations. Generally, managers seek to build a dashboard of what has come to be known as key performance indicators (KPIs).

In order to establish a useful metric, a manager must first assess its goals. From there, it is important to find the best outputs that measure the activities related to these goals. A final step is also setting goals and targets for KPI metrics that are integrated with business decisions.

Academics and corporate researchers have defined many industry metrics and methods that can help shape the building of KPIs and other metric dashboards. An entire decision analysis method called applied information economics was developed by Douglas Hubbard for analyzing metrics in a variety of business applications. Other popular decision analysis methods include cost-benefit analysis, forecasting, and Monte Carlo simulation.

Several businesses have also popularized certain methods that have become industry standards in many sectors. DuPont began using metrics to better their own business and in the process came up with the popular DuPont analysis which closely isolates variables involved in the return on equity (ROE) metric. GE has also commissioned a set of metrics known as Six Sigma that are commonly used today, with metrics tracked in six key areas: critical to quality; defects; process capability; variation; stable operations; and, design for Six Sigma.

While there are a wide range of metrics, below are some commonly used tools:

Economic Metrics

• Gross domestic product (GDP)
• Inflation
• Unemployment rate

Operational Company Metrics

From a comprehensive perspective, executives, industry analysts, and individual investors often look at key operational performance measures of a company, all from different perspectives. Some top-level operational metrics include measures derived from the analysis of a company’s financial statements. Key financial statement metrics include sales, earnings before interest and tax (EBIT), net income, earnings per share, margins, efficiency ratios, liquidity ratios, leverage ratios, and rates of return. Each of these metrics provides a different insight into the operational efficiency of a company.

Executives use these operational metrics to make corporate decisions involving costs, labor, financing, and investing. Executives and analysts also build complex financial models to identify future growth and value prospects, integrating both economic and operational metric forecasts.

There are several metrics that are key to comparing the financial position of companies against their competitors or the market overall. Two of these key comparable metrics, which are based on market value, include price-to-earnings ratio and price-to-book ratio.

Portfolio Management

Portfolio managers use metrics to identify investing allocations in a portfolio. All types of metrics are also used for analyzing and investing in securities that fit a specific portfolio strategy. For example, environmental, social and governance (ESG) criteria are a set of standards for a company's operations that socially conscious investors use to screen potential investments.

Project Management Metrics

In project management, metrics are essential in measuring project progression, output targets, and overall project success. Some of the areas where metric analysis is often needed include resources, cost, time, scope, quality, safety, and actions. Project managers have the responsibility to choose metrics that provide the best analysis and directional insight for a project. Metrics are followed in order to measure the overall progression, production, and performance.

• Metrics are measures of quantitative assessment commonly used for comparing, and tracking performance or production.
• Metrics can be used in a variety of scenarios.
• Metrics are heavily relied on in the financial analysis of companies by both internal managers and external stakeholders.

Learn everything you need to know about tracking inventory with cycle counting, including the methods, process, frequency, steps and benefits.

What Is Cycle Counting?

Cycle counting is a method of checks and balances by which companies confirm physical inventory counts match their inventory records. This method involves performing a regular count and recording the adjustment of specific products. Over time, they have counted all their goods.

Warehouse managers and supply chain professionals often prepare the plan for staff to audit inventory. The most efficient inventory management plans lead to minimal transaction error rates and extremely high stock record accuracy without taking away from staff's essential tasks.

Regardless of whether a company uses periodic or perpetual inventory practices to track their inventory, regular cycle counting is a necessary auditing process to manage inventory counts.

Video: What Is Cycle Counting?

What Does Inventory Cycle Count Mean?

Regardless of whether a company uses periodic or perpetual inventory practices to track their inventory, regular cycle counting is a necessary auditing process.

Bill Conway, NetSuite Practice Director, Blue Horseshoe Solutions, describes the process in inventory management procedures:

“Many companies perform regular physical inventory counts as part of their yearly financial accounting practices. Large companies with thousands of items typically halt operations for up to a week or more to perform a full physical inventory count. Cycle counting is an inventory management option that allows you to count items in a designated area of the warehouse without stopping operations to perform a complete physical inventory.”

What Is Inventory Accuracy in Cycle Counting?

When used as a metric, inventory accuracy is either a count or a cost. Determine inventory record accuracy (IRA) by using the inventory cycle count accuracy formula.

IRA = Matched inventory / # items counted

The goal of cycle counting is to identify and rectify any inventory record discrepancies. As with any process, it is helpful to understand your performance, if it is improving and how you perform compared to industry benchmarks. A common KPI for this is the IRA number. You can adapt this formula for either the number of units or a dollar total. For dollars/units, use the formula:

IRA = [ 1-the sum of the absolute variance / # the sum of the total inventory ] x 100

For example, if a physical count was 354 and the system count was 375, calculate the IRA as:

= [ [1-(21/375) x 100%
= 94.4%

A result of greater than 90% may seem reasonable, but the goal is to achieve almost 100% accuracy.

Physical Inventory vs. Cycle Counting

A physical inventory counts all stock in a building, usually once or twice a year. Cycle counting counts small, preselected sections of inventory multiple times a year, sometimes as often as daily.

Performing only a physical inventory is a good choice for companies with minimal inventory. If you can easily count your stock without closing and inconveniencing clients, schedule and perform an annual inventory. For more information on conducting physical inventories, read NetSuite Best Practices: Annual Physical Inventory Counts.

“If you are not performing your cycle counts correctly or they keep indicating inventory discrepancies, perform a full physical inventory to determine your actual inventory position,” Conway advises. “If your company does not have a robust cycle counting policy or procedure in place, you should perform a full physical inventory audit as part of an ERP implementation plan. This practice helps ensure you are starting with quality data.”

There are a number of advantages of a cycle count over a physical count — it saves time while helping you improve inventory accuracy and deliver product reliably — and there are a number of different approaches to cycle counting. Many companies perform cycle counting in addition to an annual physical count, often a good approach for those who have a solid grasp on their inventory.

How to Do Cycle Counting

You can perform cycle counting by scheduling high frequency, regular counts of sections or bays as part of everyday operations. Use inventory cycle counting methods to do counts daily and assign specific workers to particular areas.

When developing a cycle counting program, first consider three main inputs:

• Number of SKUs:
  Determine how many products, or stock-keeping units, you want to count at a time. Base what you choose to count on your overall number of SKUs, the number of high-value products and what is reasonable to count in intervals.
• Available Counting Resources:
  This resource is dependent on the number of available employees and how much time they can dedicate to counting stock. For example, some companies suggest employees use the time before shift end to count SKUs in their assigned areas. This timing takes advantage of the natural lull in employee productivity with relatively easy work. One important consideration: These employees should not have a stake in the accuracy of the numbers.
• Counting Frequency:
  How often you count inventory depends on how many SKUs you want to cycle count in the year. For example, if you wish to count 1,000 SKUs per year, count ~83 per month, ~21 per week, and ~3 per day, assuming you are only counting each SKU once annually. You may want to count high-value items more often. Either way, you must determine how long counters will take to record their SKUs daily.

Inventory Cycle Count Policy

An inventory cycle counting policy specifies when to perform counts periodically to confirm inventory balances. Companies should also determine whether they will count products randomly or in a set pattern and whether they will have occasional “special” audits.

Inventory Cycle Counting Process

Companies start inventory cycle counting to eliminate the root causes of errors. This action leads to reliable control processes. After completing a full physical inventory to correct any stock discrepancies, the company institutes a regular counting program for maintenance.

TThe steps to take during a cycle count are:

1. Review Records
   You want to start with an accurate database. Begin the process by reviewing and correcting the data entry on all inventory transactions.
2. Print or Upload a Cycle Count Report
   CCreate a cycle count report. If you are using a mobile device to do the count, upload the report to it.
3. Begin the Count
   Counters should review the inventory locations, descriptions, and quantities from the report and compare it to what is physically on the shelf.
4. Investigate and Reconcile
   Identify any differences found during the count and reconcile them with the stock manager. Look for patterns of errors.
5. Alter Procedures
   Implement any inventory counting policies or procedures, if necessary.
6. Adjust Records
   Make changes in the inventory record database to reflect what is on the shelf.
7. Calculate and Repeat
   Audit inventory regularly and calculate the inventory accuracy percentage.

Methods of Cycle Counting

The main methods for cycle counting rely on either the physical area or sales ranking. For physical area counting, review high volume items more frequently. When using sales ranking methods, based on the Pareto Principle, count the faster-moving, more expensive items more often.

The Pareto Principle method, also called ABC cycle counting, assumes that 20% of the parts in a warehouse relate to 80% of the sales. These are the “A” items (“B” items account for 30% of the inventory and 15% of sales, and so forth). “A” items may be your fastest-moving SKUs or most valuable assets. Inventory control software can identify the counted as A, B or C items. You may want to count your “A” items more frequently, and “B” and “C” less regularly.

You can base ABC cycle counting on other metrics such as transactions and production numbers. There are many metrics you can use to identify which items have a significant impact on your organization’s overall inventory cost.

However, most software systems rely entirely or in part on ABC cycle counting, irrespective of the metrics used to identify the As, Bs and Cs. Other methods of cycle counting include:

• Cycle Counting by Usage Only:
  This process counts items in inventory that you use the most. Each time staff removes or adds one of these items, it can initiate inventory variance.
• Control Group:
  The process usually focuses on a small group of items that are counted many times in a short period and reveals any errors in the count technique (which can then be corrected).
• Opportunity-based:
  A form of cycle counting based on opportunities, such as critical points of the inventory management process, like when an item is ordered or put away. These can be exception-based cycle counts, such as when the stock goes below its predetermined threshold, or when short-picks occur. Short-picks are when a company ships an order with less than the quantity the customer ordered.
• Random Sample:
  Just like it sounds, you randomly select a certain number of items to count. You can perform the count daily to account for a large percentage of the items in the warehouse in a reasonable period.
• Objective Counting by Surface Area:
  Irrespective of stock value, you will parse the storage area into smaller audit areas. Based on the warehouse map, the auditor counts items only in their allotted physical space.
• Hybrid:
  Each organization should develop its own best practices for cycle counting. They can base their hybrid approach on its warehouse map, or a combination of location, value and throughput. Most hybrid plans start with the Pareto frequency analysis, and then a company will adjust it based on its needs.

The Frequency of Cycle Counting Methods and When to Choose Each

How often you do a cycle count depends on your company’s goals and the method you choose to use.

Inventory Cycle Counting Benefits

No matter how good its replenishment, tracking and management systems are, organizations must do regular checks of actual inventory levels for key items. Maintaining an accurate item count can help reduce required safety stock and lower overhead costs.

Because it doesn’t force companies to shut down operations and perform a full physical inventory count at once, cycle counting has become a popular inventory management strategy for companies across all industries. Other benefits include:

• Higher order fulfillment rates
• Better customer service levels
• More accurate inventory assessments
• Higher sales
• More time between physical counts
• Fewer errors
• Less inventory write-offs and obsolete inventory
• A more efficient operation overall
• Possible elimination of annual counts
• Improvement of the closing process
• Decreased audit fees
• No employee overtime costs
• Detection of thefts in a timelier manner

Cycle Counting Challenges and Risks

Even the most organized of companies can have problems with inventory cycle counting. It’s easy to introduce inventory errors when dealing with multiple locations, paperwork lags and outstanding transactions. You can introduce false variances if you do not update the count in real time. Therefore, define your process, track your inventory accuracy and aspire to a high degree of accuracy.

How to Increase Accuracy in Cycle Counting

Inventory management professionals favor cycle counting to annual inventory counts for its time and cost savings. Companies can improve accuracy by using a methodological approach that accounts for any unique business needs and human involvement.

Make sure teams do the work at a time that makes sense for the business. Some businesses prefer to count at the beginning of the day, citing fresh staff. Other organizations say the end of the day is better because it does not take away from the staff’s routine jobs. Some organizations use a warehouse management system to assign counting by station, so staff never have to leave their station to perform their counts. More ways to sharpen accuracy include:

• In the case of variance, recount the items at the line level.
• Coordinate the reordering, picking and putting away of items after counting them.
• During active counting, freeze any activity on the items and their locations.
• Randomly alternate the counting staff.

Inventory Cycle Counting Best Practices

Irrespective of your inventory auditing method, its performance should be systematic and part of regular business operations. Each organization should also decide the interval for counting based on its stock’s specifics.

Cycle counting best practices include:

• Close all transactions for inventory items before the cycle count.
• If using the ABC method, classify items into the respective counting groups using specified, documented processes.
• Count all products for all SKUs listed.
• Decide what to count when. It makes sense to count items that are of a high value or that move quickly through the warehouse weekly. Count all other stock quarterly. Conway suggests listing items by warehouse location to decide how much you’ll count each combination each quarter.
• Use the inventory accuracy formula to see changes over time.
• Identify the fastest-moving items in the warehouse. Mark them as fastest to slowest to figure out how to classify items for future counts.
• Dedicate specific personnel to counting teams.
• Ensure teams count all products at least once quarterly.
• Use zero counts. “If warehouse processes cause an empty bin by a picking order, then a command is given to the warehouse worker to have them count the bin and confirm it is empty. This action quickly verifies that the bin is empty and will help the facility confirm that the count completion of the item warehouse location level was correct,” explains Conway.
• Initially, you may want to do counts twice to ensure that the numbers are correct. A supervisor can check the counts against the inventory in the system.
• Perform investigations when errors crop up.
• Document everything: the process, the changes and the results.

Automation in Cycle Counting

Using automation in your cycle counting process can improve the accuracy of your results. Automation also lowers labor costs, boosts worker productivity, provides trust in your stock levels and enables real-time visibility as your inventory changes.

Thanks to technology, the cycle counting process has become easier, less intrusive and requires even less manpower. By replacing Excel spreadsheets or other manual inventory control systems with inventory control software, companies can more efficiently track their stock — all while reducing human error and saving time, money and valuable man-hours.

• Use software to implement an inventory control system (part of a warehouse management system).
• Devices include mobile computers, robot counters and barcode scanners.
• Software can select the number of items and locations to count at a specific time.

See how 2Pure Ltd streamlined its inventory management, showing inventory details right down to the bin location, with NetSuite ERP.

How NetSuite Helps with Inventory Cycle Counting

NetSuite’s Inventory Count feature improves inventory tracking and provides increased control over key assets. With this feature, firms can categorize inventory based on the volume of transactions and/or value, and enter regular periodic counts of on-hand item quantities to maintain inventory accuracy.

With its standard functionality, NetSuite not only helps you gain better control of your inventory, but takes it a step further by extending those activities to its warehouse management solution and mobile radio frequency (RF) devices. With the mobile app, users can scan bins and items, automatically recording the cycle counts without leaving the floor. This makes auditing inventory less intrusive to daily work and reduces manual errors due to incorrect keying and lag time.

By implementing a cycle counting strategy that’s supported by inventory management software, companies get more accurate inventory levels; automatic prompts for items that need to be counted; the ability to categorize items based on volumes or value; improved quality assurance; and higher customer satisfaction rates.

Learn more about cycle counting in our inventory management solution.

Cycle Counting FAQs

What is the purpose of cycle counting?
Cycle counting helps companies confirm the accuracy of the inventory levels reflected in their inventory management system by counting select products on a regular basis. This can reduce inventory loss, unexpected out-of-stocks and obsolete inventory that result in both lost revenue and unhappy customers. Unlike physical counts, you can do cycle counts during normal business operations.

What are the types of cycle counting?
There are a number of approaches to cycle counting, but the most popular ones prioritize counting items that drive the most revenue or are the most frequently ordered. Other strategies count items based on physical location or randomly select SKUs spread throughout the warehouse. Companies may also use a combination of different counting methods.

What is cycle count in WMS?
A WMS, or warehouse management system, can make cycle counting part of your employees’ daily routines. It can remind workers in a warehouse or store to perform a count and tell them which items to count that day. They can scan each item as they check the shelf or enter the quantity on hand, which the WMS can then compare to the numbers in the inventory management system.

What is cycle count in retail?
Retail cycle counts follow the same principles as counts in other industries, but they may happen in stores rather than just warehouses. Comparing expected inventory levels to what’s actually available can be especially important in stores since they’re frequent targets of theft. It’s important to train associates on how to perform counts and signs of problems.

When should cycle counting be performed?
Cycle counting is typically done on a monthly or quarterly basis, though some businesses may do small counts weekly or even daily. It often depends on the type of goods you sell and the work environment. But cycle counts are much more frequent than a full physical count, which may only happen once or twice a year.