Wheeler REM, Ghosh A, Krishna D. Arikamedu: an Indo-Roman trading station on the east coast of India. Ancient India. 1946;2:17–124.
Google Scholar
Wheeler REM. Archaeology from the earth. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1954.
Google Scholar
Wheeler REM. Rome beyond the Imperial Frontiers. London: Bell; 1954.
Book Google Scholar
Wheeler REM. Rome Beyond the Imperial Frontiers. London: Middlesex; 1955.
Google Scholar
Wheeler REM. My Archaeological Mission to India and Pakistan. London: Thames and Hudson; 1976.
Google Scholar
Begley V, Francis P, Mahadevan I. The Ancient Port of Arikamedu: New investigation and Researches 1989–1992. Pondicherry: Ecole Francaise D’Extreme-Orient; 1996.
Google Scholar
Begley V, et al. The Ancient Port of Arikamedu: New Excavations and Researches, 1989–1992, vol. Two. Paris: Ecole Francaise D’Extreme-Orient; 2004.
Google Scholar
Magee P. Revisiting Indian Rouletted Ware and the impact of Indian Ocean trade in Early Historic south Asia. Antiquity. 2010;84:1043–54.
Article Google Scholar
Pavan A, Schenk H. Crossing the Indian Ocean before the Periplus: a comparison of pottery assemblages at the sites of Sumhuram (Oman) and Tissamaharama (Sri Lanka). Arab Archaeol Epigr. 2012;23:191–202.
Article Google Scholar
Schenk H. Parthian glazed pottery from Sri Lanka and the Indian Ocean trade. Zeitschrift für Archäologie Außereuropäischer Kulturen. 2007;2:57–90.
Google Scholar
Seland EH. Archaeology of Trade in the Western Indian Ocean, 300 BC–AD 700. J Archaeol Res. 2014;22:367–402.
Article Google Scholar
Salles J-F. Tradition and Archaeology: Early Maritime Contacts in the Indian Ocean. New Delhi: Manohar; 1998.
Google Scholar
Kitchen KA. The elusive land of Punt revised, in Trade and travel. In: Lunde P, Porter A, editors. The Red Sea region: proceedings of Red Sea project I, held in the British Museum. Oxford: Archaeo Press; 2004.
Google Scholar
Ratnagar S. Trading Encounters: From the Euphrates to the Indus in the Bronze Age. Oxford: India Paperbacks; 2006.
Google Scholar
Wild JP, Wild FC, Sidebotham SE, Wendrich WZ. Berenike 1999/2000: Report on the Excavations at Berenike, Including Excavations in Wadi Kalalat and Siket, and the Survey of the Mons Smaragdus Region. Berkeley: University of California; 2007. p. 225–227.
Peacock D, Blue L. Myos Hormos – Quseir al-Qadim: Roman and Islamic Ports on the Red Sea, Survey and Excavations 1999-2003. Oxford: Oxbow Books; 2006.
Google Scholar
Handley F, Regourd A. Textiles with writing from Quseir al-Qadim – finds from the Southampton excavations 1999–2003. In: Blue L, Cooper J, Thomas R, Whitewright J, editors. Connected Hinterlands. Proceedings of Red Sea Project IV, held at the University of Southampton September 2008. British Archaeological Reports S2052 (International Series)/Society for Arabian Studies Monographs 8. Oxford: Archaeopress; 2009. p. 141–54.
Google Scholar
Simpson St. J. Glass and small finds from Sasanian contexts at the ancient city-site of Merv. In: Nikonorov VP, ed. Central Asia from the Achaemenids to the Timurids. Archaeology, history, ethnology, culture. Materials of an international scientific conference dedicated to the centenary of Aleksandr Markovich Belenitsky, St. Petersburg: November 2–5, 2004. Institute of the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences, State Hermitage; 2004. p. 232–38.
Priestman, S.: A quantitative archaeological analysis of ceramic exchange in the Persian Gulf and Western Indian Ocean, AD c.400–1275. University of Southampton, Faculty of Humanities, Doctoral Thesis (2013) http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/370037. Accessed 15 May 2020.
Tomber R. Indo-Roman trade: from pots to pepper. London: Bristol Classical Press; 2008.
Google Scholar
Simpson St. J. From Mesopotamia to Merv: reconstructing patterns of consumption. In: Potts T, Roaf M, Stei D, eds. Sasanian households, in Culture Through Objects. Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of P.R.S. Moorey. Oxford: Griffith Institute; 2003. p. 347–75.
Stern B, Connan J, Blakelock E, Jackman R, Coningham RA, Heron C. From Susa to Anaradhapura: reconstructing aspects of trade and exchange in bitumen-coated ceramic vessels between Iran and Sri Lanka from the third to the ninth centuries AD. Archaeometry. 2008;50:409–28.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Connan J. Use and trade of bitumen in antiquity and prehistory: molecular archaeology reveals secrets of past civilizations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1999;354:33–50.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Connan, J., Van de Velde, T., An overview of bitumen trade in the Near East from the Neolithic (c.8000 BC) to the early Islamic period. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, 2010; 21, 1-19.
Tomber R. Rome & Mesopotamia—importers into India in the first millennium AD. Antiquity. 2007;81:972–88.
Article Google Scholar
Connan J, Priestman S, Vosmer T, Komoot A, Tofighian H, Ghorbani B, Engel MH, Zumberge A, van de Velde T. Geochemical analysis of bitumen from West Asian torpedo jars from the c. 8th century Phanom-Surin shipwreck in Thailand. J Archaeol Sci. 2020;117:105111.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Lischi S. Risultati preliminari delle ricerche archeologiche presso l’insediamento HAS1 di Inqitat, Dhofar (2016–2019), Egitto e Vicino Oriente, 2019; XLII, 121–135.
Newton L, Zarins J. Dhofar through the ages: an ecological, archaeological and historical landscape. Oxford: Archeopress; 2017.
Google Scholar
Sridhar, T.S. Alagankulam. An Ancient Roman Port City of Tamil Nadu. Department of Archaeology Government of Tamilnadu; 2005.
Lischi S. From the Paleolitich to the Islamic Period: the History of Dhofar through the Archaeological Study of Inqitat. In: Cattani M, Frenez D, eds. Dreamers. 40 years of Italian archaeological research in Oman. Rome: BraDypUS; 2019. p. 149–51.
Nardella F, Landi N, Degano I, Colombo M, Serradimigni M, Tozzi C, Ribechini E. Chemical investigations of bitumen from Neolithic archaeological excavations in Italy by GC/MS combined with principal component analysis. Anal Methods. 2019;11:1449–59.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Łucejko J, Connan J, Orsini S, Ribechini E, Modugno F. Chemical analyses of Egyptian mummification balms and organic residues from storage jars dated from the Old Kingdom to the Copto-Byzantine period. J Archaeol Sci. 2017;85:1–12.
Article Google Scholar
Whitbread IK. Fabric description of archaeological ceramics. In: Hunt A, ed. The Oxford handbook of archaeological ceramic analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199681532.013.13.
Pavan A. Khor Rori Report 3. A cosmopolitan city on the Arabian coast. The imported and local pottery from Khor Rori. Roma: L’ERMA di Bretschneider; 2017.
Terrell EE, Peterson PM, Wergin WP. Epidermal features and spikelet micromorphology in Oryza and related genera (Poaceae: Oryzeae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. 2001. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.0081024X.91.
Article Google Scholar
Tomber R, Cartwright C, Gupta S. Rice temper: technological solutions and source identification in the Indian Ocean. J Archaeol Sci. 2011;38:360–6.
Article Google Scholar
Riccardi MP, Messiga B, Duminuco P. An approach to the dynamics of clay firing. Appl Clay Sci. 1999;15:393–409.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Cultrone G, Rodriguez-Navarro C, Sebastian E, Cazalla O, De La Torre MJ. Carbonate and silicate phase reactions during ceramic firing. Eur J Mineral. 2001;13:621–34.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Maniatis Y, Tite MS. Technological Examination of Neolitliic-Bronze Age Pottery from Central and Southeast Europe and from Near East. J Archaeol Sci. 1981;8:59–76.
Article Google Scholar
Piperno DM. Phytoliths: a Comprehensive Guide for Archaeologists and Paleoecologists. Lanham: AltaMira Press; 2006.
Google Scholar
Hodson MJ, White PJ, Mead A, Broadley MR. Phylogenetic variation in the silicon composition of plants. Ann Bot. 2005;96:1027–46.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Mariotti Lippi M, Pallecchi P. Organic Inclusions. In: Hunt A, editor. The Oxford handbook of archaeological ceramic analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2017. p. 565–83.
Google Scholar
Connan J, Nissenbaum A. The organic geochemistry of the Hasbeya asphalt (Lebanon): comparison with asphalts from the Dead Sea area and Iraq. Org Geochem. 2004;35:775–89.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Peters KE, Walters CC, Moldowan JM. The Biomarker Guide: Volume 2: Biomarkers and Isotopes in the Petroleum Exploration and earth History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2005.
Google Scholar
Mello MR, Gaglianone PC, Brassell SC, Maxwell JR. Geochemical and biological marker assessment of depositional environments using Brazilian offshore oils. Mar Pet Geol. 1988;5:205–23.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Connan, J. Le bitume dans l’Antiquité. Paris Editions Errance; 2012.
El Diasty WS, Abo Ghonaim AA, Mostafa AR, El Beialy SY, Edwards KJ. Biomarker characteristics of the Turonian-Eocene succession, Belayim oilfields, central Gulf of Suez. Egypt. Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Basic and Applied Sciences. 2016;19:91–100.
Google Scholar
Summons RE, Jahnke LL, Hope JM, Logan GA. 2-Methylhopanoids as biomarkers for cyanobacterial oxygenic photosynthesis. Nature. 1999;400:554–7.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Hill DV, Speakman RJ, Glascock MD. Chemical and mineralogical characterization of Sasanian and early Islamic glazed ceramics from the Deh Luran plain, southwestern Iran. Archaeometry. 2004;46:585–605.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Rougeulle A. A medieval trade entrepot at Khor Rori? The study of the Islamic ceramics from Hamr Al-Sharqiya. In: Avanzini A, ed. A Port in Arabia between Rome and the Indian Ocean (3rd C. BC – 5th C. AD). Khor Rori Report 2. Roma: L’Erma di Bretschneider; 2008. p. 645–67.
Whitcomb DS, Johnson JH. Quseir al-Qadim 1978: Preliminary Report. Alexandria: American Research Center in Egypt Reports 1; 1979.
Mariotti Lippi M, Gonnelli T, Pallecchi P. Rice chaff in ceramics from the archaeological site of Sumhuram (Dhofar, Southern Oman). J Archaeol Sci. 2011;38:1173–9.
Article Google Scholar
Miller N. Plant remains from Ville Royale II, Susa. Cahiers de la Délégation Archéologique Française en Iran. 1981;12:137–42.
Google Scholar
Al-Jibouri BSM, Gayara AD. Paleocene sequence development in the Iraqi western desert. Iraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining. 2015;11:1–18.
Google Scholar
Munsell Color (Firm). Munsell Soil Color Charts: with Genuine Munsell Color Chips. Grand Rapids, MI: Munsell Color; 2010.
Page 2
Site
Sample ID
Colour (Munsell Index [55])
Optical microscopy
XRD
SEM
GC/MS
Alagankulam, South-east India
AMG1
5 YR 8/4
+
+
AGM2
5 YR 7/4
+
+
AGM3
5 YR 8/3
Note: not visible residue
+
–
AGM4
5 YR 7/6
Note: not visible residue
+
–
AGM5
5 YR 7/4
+
+
+
AGM6
5 YR 8/4
+
+
AGM7
5 YR 8/4
+
+
+
AGM8
10 YR 7/2
+
+
+
AGM9
5 YR 8/3
+
+
AGM10
10 YR 7/2
+
+
+
AGM11
5 YR 8/3
+
+
+
AGM12
10 YR 7/3
Note: not visible residue
+
+
–
AGM13
5 YR 8/4
+
+
+
AGM14
10 YR 7/4
+
+
+
Al Hamr al-Sharqiya 1 on Inqitat
OM1
10 YR 7/4
+
+
+
OM2
10 YR 7/3
+
+
+
+
OM3
10 YR 7/3
+
+
+
OM4
10 YR 7/3
+
+
+
Reference samples of bitumen were also analyzed; bitumen sample from Babylonia area was provided by Dr Esaim Fadhel Khalfa from the University of Babylon, Iraq and sample from Middle East (Judea) came from Kremer Pigmente GmbH (Germany)