What is the difference between multiple cropping and modern farming methods

• Answer:

  Multiple Cropping To grow more than one crop on a piece of land during the year is known as multiple cropping. It is the most common way of increasing production on a given piece of land.   Modern Farming Method The farmers of Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh use HYV seeds, tubewells for irrigation, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, as well as machinery like tractors and threshers to increase production. All these measures comprise what are known as modem firming methods.  
  

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Page 2

• Answer:

  Between 1965 and 2001, the production of pulses has increased negligibly whereas the production of wheat increased greatly. Thus, we can say that the Green Revolution was more successful in increasing the production of wheat as compared to pulses.  
  

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Page 3

• Answer:

  The working capital required by the farmer using modern farming methods are raw material and money. Money is always required during production to make payments and buy other necessary items.
  

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Page 4

• Answer:

  Modern farming methods require the use of HYV seeds which needs chemical fertilizers and pesticides to produce best results and increased production. However, for buying all these inputs a lot of money is needed so a farmer needs to have more cash to start farming.  
  

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Page 5

• Answer:

  The shaded rectangles with boundaries show the land cultivated by small farmers.

  
  
  

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Page 6

• Answer:

  Land in Palampur is fixed and 75% of the people who are working are dependent on farming for their livelihood. Since land is fixed and maximum people are dependent on land they are forced to cultivate small plots of land.  
  

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Page 7

• Answer:

  Yes, I agree that the distribution of cultivated land is unequal in Palampur because out of the 450 families, 150 families are landless, 240 families cultivate small plots of land less than 2 hectares in size whereas 60 medium and large farmers cultivate more than 2 hectares of land, a few of them have land extending over 10 hectares or more, which shows that medium and large farmers have more land though they are numerically Smaller. This clearly shows the inequality in the distribution of cultivated land. According to the graph, a similar situation exists for India also which means that 80% of the small farmers cultivate only 36% of the cultivated area whereas 20% of the big farmers cultivate 64% of the cultivated area which again shows that there is inequality in the distribution of cultivated area in  the case of India also as was in Palampur.  
  

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Page 8

• Answer:

  The proper sequence of the activities is given below (the numbers are marked alongside each picture). 1.Plowing by bullocks  

  
  2.Sowing
  
  3.Spraying of insecticides
  
  4.Cultivation by traditional methods
  
  5.Cultivation by modern methods
  
  6.Cutting of crops
  
  
  

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Page 9

• Answer:

  (a) Dala and Ramkali are landless farm labourers who work on daily wages in Palampur.   (b) Though, minimum wages for farm labourers set by the government is ` 60 per day, they get only ` 35-40.   (c) There is heavy competition for work among the farm labourers in Palampur, so people agree to work for low wages.   (d) They remain out of work for most parts of the year and have to take loans from the moneylender to fulfill their needs. Due to this seasonal unemployment, they remain poor and are unable to repay the loan and fall into a debt trap.  
  

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• Answer:

  (i) Farmer 1

  	Production	Consumption	Surplus	Capital for the next year
  Year 1 Year 2 Year 3	100 120 160	40 40 40	60 80 120	60 80 120

  Farmer 2

  	Production	Consumption	Surplus	Capital for the next year
  Year 1 Year 2 Year 3	80 80 80	40 40 40	40 40 40	40 40 40

  Farmer 3

  	Production	Consumption	Surplus	Capital for the next year
  Year 1 Year 2 Year 3	60 40 00	40 40 40	20 00 40	20 00 40

     (ii) Comparison of wheat production of the 3 farmers over the year was as follows—  

  	Farmer 1	Farmer 2	Farmer 3
  Year 1 Year 2 Year 3	100 120 160	80 80 80	60 40 00

    •The production of wheat of the first farmer increased from 100 to 160. •The production of wheat of the second farmer was constant at 80. •The production of wheat of the third farmer declined from 60 to 00. (iii) In the third year, the third farmer did not produce any wheat and had to buy it from the market. He cannot continue production any longer unless he arranges capital, as he has no surplus to invest as capital.  
  

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Page 13

• Answer:

  (i) To set up his manufacturing unit Mishrilal needed the following capital   (a)Fixed Capital in the form of the sugarcane crushing machine.   (b) Working Capital in the form of money for buying sugarcane from other farmers for crushing and for paying the electricity bill of running the crushing machine. (ii)  The labour is provided by him and his family. Otherwise he will employ landless labourers. (iii)(a) Mishrilal has set up a small scale unit.   (b) The farm holdings in the village are very small of about 2 hectares in size and production of sugarcane is low as more area is under wheat, so raw material is also less.   (c) He has to pay for the electricity to run the machine.   (d) Since the industry is small scale, production is less and therefore, he is unable to increase his profit. (iv) Conditions under which he may face a toss can be any of the following                                              (a) If his crushing machine becomes defective, his production will reduce or totally stop.   (b) If due to drought or other calamity, the production of sugarcane in nearby areas reduces; his jaggery production will come down leading to a loss for him.   (c) If the demand for jaggery decreases, ne will not be able to sell enough to break even.   (d) If any other costs like electricity, labour or transportation costs increase, he may face a loss. (v)(a) Palampur is a small village with 450 families and there is not a big demand for jaggery there.   (b) Shahpur is a town where people come from different surrounding villages to buy things and there is more demand of jaggery there, so Mishrilal sells his jaggery to traders in Shahpur and not in his village.    
  

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Page 14

• Answer:

  (i) Both have fixed capital in the form of machines, but Kareem has a larger fixed capital because he has assets in the form of computers which are more expensive then the sugarcane crushing machine. Kareem has also employed educated and qualified computer teachers, whereas Mishrilal's labour is mainly unskilled labour. (ii) Reasons why someone didn't start a computer centre may be any of the following    (a) As very few educated people were there in the village, there was not any demand for computer courses.   (b) The villagers were not aware of the employment potential of computer courses and so nobody thought that such a business could be successful.   (c) Teaching faculty for computer courses was not available in the village earlier.  
  

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Page 15

• Answer:

  (i)Kishora's fixed capital is the buffalo and wooden-cart which he has purchased with the bank loan.  (ii)The money that he earns from selling the milk and transporting goods on his bullock-cart minus his own living expenses are his working capital. (iii)Kishora is involved in the following production activities.    (a) Selling of buffalo's milk.   (b) Transporting of various items.   (c) Bringing clay from the river Ganga for the potter.   (d) Transporting jaggery etc to Shahpur. (iv)Kishora has certainly benefited from better roads in Palampur because he is involved in the transport business; better roads enable him to easily transport goods from one place to another, run his business successfully and earn profits, which would have been very difficult in the absence of proper roads.  
  

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Page 16

• Answer:

  (a) Location Palampur is located 3 km from Raiganj which is a big village. The nearest town is Shahpur.   •It is well connected with neighbouring villages and towns.   •An all weather road connects the village to Raiganj and further to the nearest small town of Shahpur. (b) Total Area of the Village The total area of the Palampur village is 246 hectares.   (c) Land Use (in hectares)             

  Cultivate Land	Land not available for cultivation (Area covering dwellings, roads ponds, grazing ground)
  lrrigated	Unirrigated
  200 hectares	20 hectares	26 hectares

    (d) Facilities

  Educational	Palampur has two primary schools and one high school
  Medical	There is a primary health centre run by the government and one private dispensary
  Market	Market has some general stores and shops selling eatables
  Electricity supply	Most of the houses have electric connections It powers the tube wells and is used in various small businesses
  Communication	A well developed system of roads and transport
  Nearest town	Shahpur

       
  

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Page 17

• Answer:

  Yes, it is true that modern farming methods require more inputs which are manufactured in industry.   For example   (i) HYV seeds, insecticides, pesticides and chemical fertilizers needed for increasing the yield per hectare are all manufactured in industries.   (ii) Farmers use farm machinery like tractors, threshers and also combined harvesters which are also manufactured in industries.   (iii) Tube well equipment and water pumps used for irrigation are also manufactured in industries.  
  

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Page 18

• Answer:

  (i) Most of the houses in Palampur have electric connections.   (ii) Electricity powers all the tube wells in the fields that help to irrigate much larger areas of land more effectively as compared to the traditional Persian wheel drawn by bullocks. Since the entire cultivated area of 200 hectares had come under irrigation farmers did not have to depend on rainfall and could grow multiple crops.   (iii) It helps small businesses run their machinery like Mishrilal's sugarcane crushing machine.  
  

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Page 19

• Answer:

  Yes, it is important to increase the area under irrigation because water is very essential for agriculture. In India, the rainfall is unevenly distributed in the country and if rainfall is less, then production will be low, and they will be only able to grow one crop in a season.   With good irrigation it will be possible to do multiple cropping, helping to increase the yield per hectare.  
  

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Page 20

• Answer:

  Distribution of land among the 450 families of Palampur.

  Families with no land (mainly dalits) Families with less than 2 hectares Families with more than 2 hecatres	150 Families 240 Families 060 Families
  Total	450 Families

   
  

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Page 21

• Answer:

  The minimum wages for a farm labourer set by the government Are ` 60 per day, but wages of farm labourers in Palampur are less than minimum wages because there is heavy competition for work among the  term labourers in Palampur, so people agree to work for lower wages.  
  

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Page 22

• Answer:

  (i) In our region, there are two labourers namely Ram Khilawan and Basanti, who are husband and wife working as casual constructing labourers. Due to drought, they had to leave their village in search of employment. They get approximately 50 to 60 rupees per day which they are paid in cash.   (ii) They do not get work regularly because there are a large number of workers seeking employment, due to which they agree to work for low wages. Because of irregular work and low wages they are unable to fulfill their needs and are in debt.  
  

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Page 23

• Answer:

  Multiple cropping and use of modern farming methods are two different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land. e.g.,    (i) Multiple Cropping When more than one crop is grown on a piece of land during the year it is known as multiple cropping.   (a) It is the most common way to increase production on a given piece of land.   (b) All farmers in Palampur grow at least two main crops; many are growing potato as the third crop in the past fifteen to twenty years.   (ii) Use of Modern Farming Methods Modern farming methods also help to increase the yield per hectare.   (a) Farmers of Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh were the first to try modern farming methods in India.   (b) The farmers in these regions set up tube wells for irrigation and made use of HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers and pesticides in farming.   (c) Some also used farm machinery like tractors and threshers, which made plugging and harvesting faster. They were rewarded with high yields of wheat, increasing from 1300 kg per hectare to 3200 kg per hectare with HYV seeds.  
  

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Page 24

• Answer:

  (i) A farmer having 1 hectare of land for farming is called a subsistence farmer because 1 hectare of land is too less for even the sustenance of a small family.   (ii) Production is very low and it is very difficult for the farmer to provide for his family.   (iii) Apart from working on his own field he has to work on the field of the rich farmers or work as a casual labourer to survive.   (iv) The small farmer has no irrigation facilities.   (v) He has no working capital so he is also not able to buy modern machinery, HYV seeds or insecticides and pesticides.   (vi) In the absence of capital, he has to take loan from moneylender who charges a high interest rate. He is rarely able to repay the loan and eventually falls into a debt trap.  
  

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Page 25

• Answer:

  Modern farming methods such as use of HYV insecticides pesticides etc require a great deal of capital so the farmer needs more money than before.   (i) The medium and large farmers have their own savings from farming. They are thus able to arrange for the capital needed.   (ii) In contrast, the small farmers have to borrow money to arrange for the capital. They borrow from large farmers or the village moneylenders or the traders who supply various inputs for cultivation.   (iii) The rate of interest on such loans is very high. They are put to great distress to repay the loan, which is not so in .the case of medium and large farmers.  
  

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Page 26

• Answer:

  Savita, a small farmer, in order to cultivate wheat on her 1 hectare of land, decides to borrow money from Tejpal Singh a large farmer on the following terms —   (i)Tejpal Singh agrees to give Savita the loan at an interest rate of 24 per cent for four months which is a very high interest rate. Savita also has to promise to work on his field as farm labourer during the harvest season at ` 35 per day.   (ii) The rate of interest charged by Tejpal Singh was higher than that of banks. If Savita had taken the loan from the bank, interest would have been lower and she could have easily repaid the loan and her condition would have been far better.
  

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