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Directions: the following excerpt and answer the questions asked at the end. The answers to the questions should be based on the excerpt. The Lok Sabha is composed of representatives of people chosen by direct election on the basis of Universal Adult Suffrage. The maximum strength of the House is 552 members- 530 members to represent the States, 20 members to represent the Union territories and 2 members to be nominated by the President from the Anglo-Indian Community. At present, the strength of the House is 545. The term of the Lok Sabha, unless dissolved, is five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. However, while a proclamation of emergency is in operation, this period may be extended by the Parliament by law for a period not exceeding one year at a time and not extending in any case, beyond a period of six months after the proclamation has ceased to operate. After every Lok Sabha election, the President invites the political party or alliance of parties that has the majority of new elected members to form the Government. Asked by user on coursehero.com  Image transcription text D I Newtab x I @ Jan1999 diploma ques.pdf XI @ jan1999 readingpdf X I-I- 7 E X G G File I C:/Users/ahmed/Downloads/jan%201999%20reading.pdf {a {'5 Addtext I V Draw v '3' Highlight v Q Erase I HI", I 9 [St P] l ' I 5 of32 Q — + A?) El I [D Pageview I A" Readaloud I I. Questions 1 to 12 in your Questions Booklet are based on this excerpt. The following is a speech that was given 10 the Pacific Northwest Library Association in I 973 by an American writer of fantasy andfictian. WHY ARE AMERICANS AFRAID 0F DRAGONS? This was to be a talk about fantasyi But I have not been feeling very fanciful lately, and could not decide what to say; so I have been going about picking people's brains for ideas. "What about fantasy? Tell me something about fantasyi" And one friend of mine said, "All right, I'll tell you something fantastic, 5 Ten years ago. I went to the children's room of the library of such—and-such a city. and asked for The Hobbit; and the librarian told me, 'Oh, we keep that only in the adult collection: we don't feel that escapism is good for children.' " My friend and I had a good laugh and shuddered over that. and we agreed that things have changed a great deal in these past ten years That kind of moralistic 1'0 censorship of works of fantasy is very uncommon now. in the children's libraries. But the fact that the children's libraries have become oases in the desert doesn't mean that there isn't still a desert. The point of view from which that librarian spoke still exists. She was merely reflecting, in perfect good faith. something that goes Very deep in the American character: a moral disapproval of fantasy, a [5 disapproval so intense, and often so aggressive, that I cannot help but see it as arising, fundamentally, from fear. So: Why are Americans afraid of dragons'.7 Before I try to answer my que stion, let me say that it isn't only Americans who are afraid of dragons. I suspect that almost all Very highly technological peoples 20 are more or less antifantasyi There are several national lileratures which. like ours. have had no tradition of adult fantasy for the past several hundred years. i r . In wondering why Americans are afraid of dragons, I began to realize that a great many Americans are not only antifantasy, but altogether antif'iction. We tend. as a people, to look upon all works of the imagination either as suspect, or as 25 contemptiblet "My wife reads novels. I haven't got the time." "I used to read that science fiction stuff when I was a teenager. but of course I don't now." "Fairy stories are for kids, I live in the real world." 30 Who speaks so? Who is it that dismisses War and Peace. The Time Machine. and A Midsummer Night 's Dream with this perfect self-assurance? It is. I fear, the Continued ... Image transcription text Newtab x I @ Jan1999 diploma ques.pdf X I @ jan1999 readingpdf X I + 7 E X G G File I C:/Users/ahmed/Downloads/jan%201999%20reading.pdf {a f5 of32 Q — + A?) El I [D Pageview I A" Readaloud I Addtext I V Draw v '13" Highlight v Q Erase I 3i", I 9 la P] l ' man in the street—the hardworking, over-thirty American male—the men who run this country Such a rejection of the entire art of fiction is related to several American 35 characteristics: our l'uritanism.l our work ethic, our profit'mindedness, and even our sexual mores. To read War and Peace or The Lord of the Rings plainly is not "work"—you do it for pleasure. And if it cannot be justified as "educational" or as "self- improvement," then, in the Puritan Value system. it can only be self-indulgence or 40 escapism, For pleasure is not a Value. to the Puritan; on the contrary, it is a sin. Equally, in the businessman's value system, if an act does not bring in an immediate. tangible profit, it has no justification at all. Thus the only person who has an excuse to read Tolstoy or Tolkien is the English teacher, because he gets paid for it. But our businessman might allow himself to read a bestseller now and 45 then: not because it is a good book, but because it is a bestseller—it is a success, it has made money. To the strangely mystical mind of the money-changer, this justifies its existence; and by reading it he may participate, a little, in the power and maniiz of its success, If this is not magic, by the way, I don't know what is. The last element. the sexual one. is more complex. I hope I will not be 50 understood as being sexist if I say that, within our culture. I believe that this antifiction attitude is basically a male one The American boy and man is very commonly forced to define his maleness by rejecting certain traits, certain human gifts and potentialities. which our culture defines as "womanish" or "childish." And one of these traits or potentialities is. in cold sober fact, the absolutely 55 essential human faculty of imagination Having got this far, I went quickly re the dictionary. The Shorler Odcrd Dictionary says: "Imagination, l. The action of imagining, or forming a mental concept of what is not actually present to the senses; Z The mental consideration of actions or events not yet in existence." 60 Very well; I certainly can let "absolutely essential human faculty" stand. But I must narrow the definition to fit our present subject. By "imagination," then, I personally mean the free play of the mind. both intellectual and sensory, By "play" I mean recreation, re-creation, the recombination of what is known into what is new. By "free" I mean that the action is done without an immediate object 65 of profit—spontaneously. That does not mean, however, that there may not be a purpose behind the free play of the mind. a goal; and the goal may be a very serious object indeed. Children's imaginative play is clearly a practicing at the acts and emotions of adulthood; a child who did not play would not become Continued 'PuriranismiFrom the doctrines of the la" and 17'" century group of English Protestants who advocated strict religious discipline. 'rnankthe embodiment of rhose forces which produce and maintain the order of the universe I OneDrive Screenshot saved Tl sl lot t 9.59 PM 7022701702 4) ... Image transcription text Newtab x I @ Jan1999 diploma ques.pdf X I @ jan1999 readingpdf X I + 7 E X G G File I C:/Users/ahmed/Downloads/jan%201999%20reading.pdf {a f5 of32 Q — + A?) El I [D Pageview I A" Readaloud I Addtext I V Draw v '3' Highlight v Q Erase I Hi", I 9 H P] l ' mature. As for the free play of an adult mind, its result may be War and Peace. 70 or the theory of relativity.' To be free' after all, is not to be undisciplined. I should say that the discipline of the imagination may in fact be the essential method or technique of both an and science. It is our Puritanism, insisting that discipline means repression or punishment which confuses the subject. To discipline something, in the proper 75 sense of the word, does not mean to repress it, but to train it—to encourage it to grow, and act. and be fruitful. whether it is a peach tree or a human mind. I think that a great many American men have been taught just the opposite. They have learned to repress their imagination. to reject it as something childish or effeminate. unprofitable. and probably srnful. 80 They have learned to fear it. But they have never learned to discipline it at all. Now, I doubt that the imagination can be suppressed. If you truly eradicated it in a child, he would grow up to be an eggplant. Like all our evil propensities, the imagination will out. But if it is rejected and despised, it will grow into wild 85 and weedy shapes; it will be deformed. At its best, it will be mere ego-centered daydreaming; at its worst, it will be wishful thinking. which is a very dangerous occupation when it is taken seriously. Where literature is concerned. in the old, truly Puritan days. the only permitted reading was the Bible. Nowadays, with our secular" Puritanism. the man who refuses to read novels because it's unmanly to 90 do so, or because they aren't true, will most likely end up watching bloody detective thrillers on the television' or reading hack Westerns or sports stories, or going in for pornography. from Playboy on down. It is his starved imagination, craving nourishment, that forces him to do so. But he can rationalize such entertainment by saying that it is realistic—after all. sex exists. and there are 95 criminals. and there are baseball players, and there used to be cowboys—and also by saying that it is virile,' by which he means that it doesn't interest most women. That all these genres are sterile, hopelessly sterile, is reassurance to him, rather than a defect If they were genuinely realistic. which is to say genuinely imagined and imaginative. he would be afraid of them Fake realism is the 100 escapist literature of our time. And probably the ultimate escapist reading is that masterpiece of total unreality. the daily stock market report Now what about our man's wife? She probably wasn't required to squelch her private imagination in order to play her expected role in life, but she hasn't been trained to discipline it. either. She is allowed to read novels, and even 105 fantasies. But, lacking training and encouragement, her fancy is likely to glom on Cantinued 'zheory ofrelativity—in physics, a complex theory of the universe developed by Albert Einstein I OMD'WQ 'secnlar—nat specifically pertaining to religion svirile—having masculine spirit, strength, vigour, or power Screenshot saved Tl sliott 9.59 PM 7022701702 4) ... Image transcription text D I Newtab x I @ Jan1999 diploma ques.pdf XI @ jan1999 readingpdf X I-I- 7 E X G G File I C:/Users/ahmed/Downloads/jan%201999%20reading.pdf {a {'5 Addtext I V Draw v '3' Highlight v Q Erase I I 9 P] l ' I 8 of32 Q — + A?) El I [D Pageview I A" Readaloud I to very sickly fodder, such things as soap operas, and "true romances." and nursy novels. and historieo-sentimental novels. and all the rest of the baloney ground out to replace genuine imaginative works by the artistic sweatshops of a society that is profoundly distrustful of the uses of the imagination, 110 What, then, are the uses of the imagination? You see. I think we have a terrible thing here: a hardworking. upright. responsible citizen, a full-grown. educated person. who is afraid of dragons, and afraid of hobbits, and scared to death of fairies It's funny, but it's also terrible. Something has gone very wrong I don't know what to do about it but to fly and [1'5 give an honest answer to that person's question, even though he often asks it in an aggressive and contemptuous tone of voice. "What's the good of it all?" he says. "Dragons and hobbits and little green men—what's the use of it?" The truest answer, unfortunately, he won't even listen to, He won't hear it. The truest answer is, "The use of it is to give you pleasure and delight," 120 "I haven't got the time." he snaps. swallowing a Maalox pill for his ulcer and rushing off to the golf course. So we try the next-to-truest answer. It probably won't go down much better, but it must be said: "The use of imaginative fiction is to deepen your understanding of your world. and your fellow men. and your own feelings. and 125 your destiny" To which I fear he will retort, "Look, I got a raise last year. and I'm giving my family the best of everything, we've got two cars and a color TV. I understand enough of the world!" And he is right, unanswerably right if that is what he wants. and all he wants. 130 The kind of thing you learn from leading about the problems of a hobbit who is trying to drop a magic ring into an imaginary volcano has very little to do with your social status, or material success, or income, Indeed, if there is any relationship. it is a negative one. There is an inverse correlation between fantasy and money. That is a law, known to economists as Le Guin's Law. If you want a 135 striking example of Le Guin's Law, just give a lift to one of those people along the roads who own nothing but a backpack, a guitar, a fine head of hair, a smile, and a thumb, Time and again, you will find that these waits have read The Lord ofthz Rings—some of them can practically recite it, But now take Aristotle Onassis, or J. Paul Getty:6 could you believe that those men ever had anything to do, at any 140 age, under any circumstances, wifli a hobbit? , . . So I anive at my personal defense of the uses of the imagination, especially in fiction. and most especially in fairy tale, legend. fantasy, science fiction, and the rest of the lunatic fringer I believe that maturity is not an outyowing, but a Continued 'Aristotle Onassis. J. Paul Getty—mnlfi-millionaires of the stripping and oil industries ' OneDrive Screenshot saved Tli ... Image transcription text D I Newtab x I @ Jan1999 diploma ques.pdf XI @ jan1999 readingpdf X I-I- 7 E X G G File I C:/Users/ahmed/Downloads/jan%201999%20reading.pdf {a {'5 Addtext I V Draw v '3' Highlight v Q Erase I I 9 P] l ' I 9 of32 Q — + A?) El I [D Pageview I A" Readaloud I growing up: that an adult is not a dead child. but a child who survived. I believe 145 that all the best faculties of a mature human being exist in the child, and that if these faculties are encouraged in youth they will act well and wisely in the adult, but if they are repressed and denied in the child they will stunt and cripple the adult personality. And finally. [believe that one of the most deeply human, and humane, of these faculties is the power of imagination: so that it is our pleasant 150 duty, as librarians, or teachers. or parents. or writers. or simply as grownups. to encourage that faculty of imagination in our children, to encourage it to grow freely, to flourish like the green bay tree. by giving it the best. absolutely the best and purest, nourishment that it can absorb. And never. under any circumstances, to squelch it, or sneer at it, or imply that it is childish. or unmanly, or untrue. 155 For fantasy is true, of course. It isn't factual, but it is true. Children know that. Adults know it too, and that is precisely why many of them are afraid of fantasy. They know that its truth challenges, even threatens, all that is false, all that is phony. unnecessary. and trivia] in the life they have let themselves be forced into living, They are afraid of dragons, because they are afraid of freedom. 160 So I believe that we should trust our children. Normal children do not confuse reality and fantasy—they confuse them much less often than we adults do (as a certain great fantasist pointed out in a story called "The Emperor's New Clothes"). Children know perfectly well that unicoms aren't real, but they also know that books about unicoms, if they are good books, are true books. All too often, that's 165 more than Mummy and Daddy know; for, in denying their childhood, the adults have denied half their knowledge. and are left with the sad. sterile little fact: "Unicorns aren't real." And that fact is one that never got anybody anywhere (except in the story "The Unicorn in the Garden," by another great fantasist, in which it is shown that a devotion to the unreality of unicoms may get you straight 170 into the loony bin) It is by such statements as, "Once upon a time there was a dragon," or "In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit"iit is by such beautiful non-facts that we fantastic human beings may arrive, in out peculiar fashion, at the truth. Ursula K. Le Guin American writer and anthropologist I OneDrive Screenshot saved Tli 9.59 PM 2022701702 4) ... Please read the excerpt above and answer the following questions: I. Read the excerpt from the speech on pages 1 to 5 of your Readings Booklet and answer questions 1 to 12. 1. The principle device that the author uses to introduce the essay (lines 1 to 7) is A. a question B. an anecdote C. a quotation D. an explanation 2. The quotation in line 26, " 'My wife reads novels. I haven't got the time,' " is most closely related to the author's argument in A. "For pleasure is not a value, to the Puritan; on the contrary, it is a sin" (line 40) B. "To the strangely mystical mind of the money-changer, this justifies its existence; and by reading it he may participate, a little, in the power and mana of its success" (lines 46-48) C. "The American boy and man is very commonly forced to define his maleness by rejecting certain traits, certain human gifts and potentialities, which our culture defines as 'womanish' or 'childish' " (lines 51-53) D. "Children's imaginative play is clearly a practicing at the acts and emotions of adulthood; a child who did not play would not become mature" (lines 67-69) 3. In the context of lines 29 to 3 1, the phrase "perfect self-assurance" most strongly indicates an attitude of A. righteousness B. persuasiveness C. submission D. hostility 4 . According to Le Guin, in the "Puritan value system" (line 39), literature is judged according to its A. insightful ideas B. social relevance C. imaginative truth D. practical application 5. In the phrase "the strangely mystical mind of the money-changer" (line 46), the use of "mystical" is ironic in that A. the psychology of success is a mystery B. successful business practice is not accidental C. the businessman's approach to life is material D. it is impossible for anyone to predict a bestseller 6. By juxtaposing ''War and Peace' and "the theory of relativity" (lines 69 and 70) Le Guin emphasizes that A. adult minds engage in superior thinking B. imagination is a universal source of creativity C. art and science are separated by an unbridgeable gap D. rational thinking is a source of major accomplishments 7. The speaker believes that the purpose of disciplining the imagination (lines 71 to 74) is to A. reduce material gain B. eradicate daydreaming C. give direction to creativity D. offer alternatives to creative thinking 8. Le Guin argues that a repressed imagination (lines 78 to 96) will A. hinder the growth of other intellectual faculties B. nurture the development of a healthy moral sense C. wither and die, destroying the capacity for creative thought D. force itself to the surface in chaotic and distorted forms 9. " 'I haven't got the time,' he snaps, swallowing a Maalox pill for his ulcer and rushing off to the golf course" (lines 120 to 121) serves as one of several examples of A. social satire B. scientific theorizing C. ironic understatement 10. D. artistic discrimination 10. Which of the following statements offers the best interpretation of "Le Guin's Law" (line 135)? A. A rejection of fantasy guarantees material success. B. Fantasy is the preferred realm of the young and innocent. C. The appeal of fantasy depends exclusively on one's social and financial status. D. The pursuit of wealth and the appreciation of fantasy are fundamentally incompatible. 11. According to the author, Americans fear fantasy mainly because fantasy A. threatens deeply rooted cultural characteristics and values B. emphasizes the important differences between males and females C. wastes time and energy that would be better spent on other pursuits D. encourages an unrestrained and undisciplined use of the imagination 12. The author most clearly justifies her "personal defense of the uses of the imagination" (line 141) in the lines A. "For fantasy is true, of course. It isn't factual, but it is true" (line 155) B. "They are afraid of dragons, because they are afraid of freedom" (line 159) C. "Normal children do not confuse reality and fantasy—they confuse them much less often than we adults do" (lines 160-161) D. "it is by such beautiful non-facts that we fantastic human beings may arrive, in our peculiar fashion, at the truth" (lines 171-173) Answered by user on coursehero.com um dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoree Unlock access to this and over 10,000 step-by-step explanations Unlock ExplanationHave an account? Log In um dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. Donec aliquet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie c |
The excerpt above was written in order to
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