Discuss two different ways the term overlearning can be used to relate to learning motor skills

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Characteristics of Multiple Systems for Motor Learning

‘Fast’ system(s)	‘Slow’ system(s)
Large amount of learning per trial that saturates quickly (high gain)	Small, incremental amount of learning per trial (low gain)
Requires extra time, cognitive resources for processing	Learns automatically without effort
Required for contextual learning	Unimodal or modular learning
Accessible to awareness and conscious intention	Impenetrable to awareness, operates independent of conscious strategies
Consolidation processes are enhanced during sleep	Consolidates off-line with the simple passage of time
Ready transfer to related tasks	Effector-specific and inflexible

Overlearning refers to practicing newly acquired skills beyond the point of initial mastery. The term is also often used to refer to the pedagogical theory that this form of practice leads to automaticity or other beneficial consequences.

Memory researcher Hermann Ebbinghaus performed classical overlearning studies in the late 1890s.[1] He noticed that memory for learned material decreased over time (see also forgetting curve). Ebbinghaus recognized that lists of nonsense syllables became more difficult to recall over time, and some lists required more review time to regain 100% recall. He defined overlearning as the number of repetitions of material after which it can be recalled with 100% accuracy.[1]

A 1992 meta-analysis suggested that overlearning does significantly affect recall over time. It also concluded that the size of this effect may be moderated by the amount of overlearning, task type, and length of retention.[2] The meta-analysis included 15 studies. These 15 studies tested overlearning effects on physical and cognitive tasks. Both types of task showed an effect of overlearning. The effect size for physical tasks was smaller than the effect size for cognitive tasks.[2] The amount of overlearning affected retention: more overlearning led to more retention on both types of task.[2] The length of the retention interval also affected overlearning, but the effects were different for physical and cognitive tasks. Whereas participants overlearning physical tasks increased in ability during the retention interval, participants who overlearned cognitive tasks decreased in recall ability over time.[2]

Some recent studies explicitly examined the interaction of overlearning with retention interval, and concluded that the effects of overlearning tend to be fairly short-lived.[3][4] Overlearning may be more useful in instances when learners only need short-term retention of the material.[3]

Overlearning geography facts and word definitions

In one study, researchers examined the effects of overlearning geography facts or word definitions.[3] After one week, overlearners recalled more geography facts and word definitions than non-overlearners, but this improvement gradually disappeared after the study.[3] This research suggests that overlearning may be an inefficient study method for long-term retention of geography facts and word definitions.[3] Overlearning improves short-term retention of material, but learners must also spend more time studying. Over time the improvements created by overlearning fade, and the learner is no better off than someone who did not spend time overlearning the material.[3]

Overlearning mathematics

In another study, researchers compared the effects of overlearning and distributed practice on mathematics knowledge.[4] Distributed practice refers to practice that is spaced over time. In Experiment 1, participants completed 10 math problems either all at once or distributed across two sessions. Participants in the distributed practice condition performed no differently from participants in the single-session condition one week later, but distributed practice participants did perform better than single-session participants four weeks later. In Experiment 2, participants completed either three or nine practice problems in one sitting. When participants were retested one or four weeks later, no differences were found between three-problem and nine-problem participants. Researchers found no effect of overlearning on mathematics retention.[4]

Spaced repetition
Educational technology – Use of technology in education to improve learning and teaching
Muscle memory – Consolidating a motor task into memory through repetition

^ a b Murphy, Gardner (1929). An Historical Introduction to Modern Psychology. International Library of Psychology. ISBN 9780415210348.
^ a b c d Driskell, James E.; Willis, R. P.; Copper, C. (1992). "Effect of Overlearning on Retention". Journal of Applied Psychology. 77 (5): 615–622. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.77.5.615.
^ a b c d e f Rohrer, Doug; Taylor, K.; Pashler, H.; Wixted, J. T.; Cepeda, N. J. (2004). "The Effect of Overlearning on Long-Term Retention". Applied Cognitive Psychology. 19 (3): 361–374. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.374.1496. doi:10.1002/acp.1083.
^ a b c Rohrer, Doug; Taylor, K. (2006). "The Effects of Overlearning and Distributed Practise on the Retention of Mathematics Knowledge". Applied Cognitive Psychology. 20 (9): 1209–1224. doi:10.1002/acp.1266.