The function of this section is to summarize general trends in the data without comment, bias, or interpretation. The results of statistical tests applied to your data are reported in this section although conclusions about your original hypotheses are saved for the Discussion section.
Tables and figures should be used when they are a more efficient way to convey information than verbal description. They must be independent units, accompanied by explanatory captions that allow them to be understood by someone who has not read the text. Do not repeat in the text the information in tables and figures, but do cite them, with a summary statement when that is appropriate. Example:
Please note that the entire word "Figure" is almost never written in an article. It is nearly always abbreviated as "Fig." and capitalized. Tables are cited in the same way, although Table is not abbreviated.
Whenever possible, use a figure instead of a table. Relationships between numbers are more readily grasped when they are presented graphically rather than as columns in a table.
Data may be presented in figures and tables, but this may not substitute for a verbal summary of the findings. The text should be understandable by someone who has not seen your figures and tables.
Simple results of statistical tests may be reported in the text as shown in the preceding example. The results of multiple tests may be reported in a table if that increases clarity. (See Section 11 of the Statistics Manual for more details about reporting the results of statistical tests.) It is not necessary to provide a citation for a simple t-test of means, paired t-test, or linear regression. If you use other tests, you should cite the text or reference you followed to do the test. In your materials and methods section, you should report how you did the test (e.g. using the statistical analysis package of Excel).
Term A person who buys a lottery ticket because he just feels lucky is using | | Definition |
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Term Seeking answers by reading a chapter in a college textbook is an example of using the | | Definition |
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Term Magazine advertisements that use celebrities to sell makeup employ which method of acquiring knowledge? | | Definition |
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Term A group of students in a cooking class is trying to find a faster way to bake a cake. They know that it takes 30 minutes to bake a cake at 350 degrees, so they figure that it should take only 15 minutes at 700 degrees. These students are using the _________ to solve the problem. | | Definition |
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Term You find some mushrooms growing in your backyard and want to find out whether or not they are poisonous, so you eat a few and see what happens. This is an example of the ______ of knowing or acquiring knowledge. | | Definition |
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Term An explanation is empirical if it is based on | | Definition |
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Term Based on limited experience with daises in my flower garden, I have concluded that these flowers require almost no care at all. This conclusion is an example of | | Definition |
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Term | Definition a statement that describes the relationship between variables. | |
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Term Using a general hypothesis to develop a testable predication involves the use of | | Definition |
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Term Which of the following is not a basic characteristic of scientific research? | | Definition Scientific research is conducted in a laboratory. | |
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Term | Definition - allow for the possibility that the observations will not support the hypothesis.
- refer to variables that can be observed or measured.
- make a positive statement about the existence of an effect or a relationship.
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Term | Definition based on subjective evidence. | |
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Term The last step in the research process is | | Definition generating new questions or new hypotheses to restart the research process. | |
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Term For which of the following questions would the scientific method be an appropriate method for seeking an answer? | | Definition What conditions promote student learning in an elementary classroom? | |
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Term Using observations of humans to form a hypothesis about human behavior is an example of | | Definition |
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Term A researcher is intrigued by an explanation of children's problem-solving strategies found in a journal article, and develops a research study to determine whether the article's ideas are correct. This study can be classified as ___________ research. | | Definition |
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Term Research studies that are intended to answer practical problems would be classified as______________. | | Definition |
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Term An empirical journal article is an example of a ____________ source. | | Definition |
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Term A _____________ source summarizes information from sources of original research reports. | | Definition |
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Term Which of the following would be a danger of relying upon a secondary source? | | Definition The author may describe results incorrectly and the source does not contain details of methodology. | |
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Term A newspaper article discussing someone's research is an example of a __________ source. | | Definition |
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Term The goal in conducting a literature search is to _____________. | | Definition learn of existing knowledge and identify a gap in that knowledge | |
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Term The introduction section of a research article typically ______________. | | Definition describes the overall purpose and rational of the research | |
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Term The method section of a research article typically _______________. | | Definition provides the details of how the research was conducted
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Term After a research idea is found, the next step is to ____________. | | Definition convert the idea into a hypothesis and specific prediction | |
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Term Which is the correct order of parts in a research reports? | | Definition title page, abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, and references | |
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Term The method section of an APA-style research report _______________. | | Definition provides enough detail so that another researcher can duplicate the study | |
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Term The brief summary found at the beginning of most research reports is the ___________. | | Definition |
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Term Interpretation of the results of a study belongs in which section of an APA-style research report? | | Definition |
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Term Most journals in psychology follow the writing style established by the ____________. | | Definition American Psychological Association | |
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Term Which of the following is the focus of ethical concern? | | Definition |
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Term Which of the following is a concern for research ethics? | | Definition honesty and respect of all who participate in the study and all affected by reports of the study's results | |
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Term Prior to the end of WWII, guidelines for research ethics were established ____________. | | Definition There were no guidelines. Individual researchers were presumed to establish their own ethical guidelines. | |
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Term The Belmont Report provides basic ethical guidelines for _______________. | | Definition the treatment of human participants in research | |
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Term Which of the following is not an ethical principle identified in the Belmont Report? beneficence, kindness, justice , respect for persons | | Definition |
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Term Although the intent of informed consent is to provide participants with complete information about a research study before they agree to participate, often this is impossible because ____________. | | Definition |
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Term If a researcher explains what will happen in a research study using language that potential participants probably cannot understand, then the researcher has violated the intent of ____________. | | Definition |
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Term If individuals are pressured into participating in research because the research is in a position of power or authority, then which ethical principle is being compromised? | | Definition |
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Term Which of the following examples violates the ethical guidelines concerning deception? | | Definition |
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Term A researcher who tells participants that a questionnaire is measuring political attitudes when in fact it is measuring racial prejudices, is committing _____________. | | Definition |
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Term Confidentiality _______________. | | Definition ensures that information obtained from each participant will be kept secret and private | |
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Term If a researcher tells stories at a party describing the behavior of individual participants in his or her research study, then which ethical principle is being compromised? | | Definition |
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Term The Institutional Review Board (IRB) is responsible for reviewing ______________. | | Definition only research involving human participants | |
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Term Fraud involves _____________. | | Definition changing scores to make them fit the hypothesis
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Term Assuming that a full citation is included, which of the following would not be an example of plagiarism? all the other options are examples of plagiarism | | Definition all the other options are examples of plagiarism | |
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Term A variable such as intelligence that cannot be seen or measured directly is know as a(n) __________. | | Definition |
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Term It is possible for psychologists to study variables such as hunger, motivation, and self-esteem because these variables can be measured by ______________. | | Definition |
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Term One measurement concern is that ______________. | | Definition |
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Term Using number of facial smiles in a 60-second period as a definition and a measurement of happiness is an example of ________ happiness. | | Definition |
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Term A measurement procedure is valid if it _______________. | | Definition |
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Term You develop a new measure of self-efficacy and you find that people who score high on your measure also score high on a standardized measure of self-efficacy. You have demonstrated _______________. | | Definition |
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Term A research study reports that participants who scored high on a new test measuring self-esteem made eye contact during an interview whereas participants who scored low on the test avoided eye contact. Assuming that more eye contact is associated with higher self-esteem, this study is a demonstration of ________ validity. | | Definition |
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Term A(n) ________ measure produces similar results when the same individuals are measured under identical conditions. | | Definition |
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Term Two observers record similar measurements of behavior for a group of children they are watching. The researchers have established what kind reliability? | | Definition |
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Term Using letter grades (A, B, C, D, and F) to classify student performance on an exam is an example of measurement on a(n) _______ scale of measurement. | | Definition |
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Term What additional information is obtained by measuring on an ordinal scale compared to a nominal scale? | | Definition |
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Term What additional information is obtained by measuring on an interval scale compared to an ordinal scale? | | Definition |
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Term Counting the number of people who smile at a baby in a stroller as they pass by is an example of a ________ measure. | | Definition |
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Term A strategy for reducing experimenter bias is to _____________. | | Definition |
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Term The behavior observed in a research study may be very different from behavior in normal circumstances because the participants modify their behavior when they know that they are being studied. This problem is known as _____________. | | Definition |
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Term A researcher is interested in the television viewing preferences for of adolescent boys and selects a group of 25 boys to participate in a research study. The group of 25 boys is a ______. | | Definition |
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Term Typically, researchers plan to generalize their results to the entire group of individuals defined by their specific interests. This entire group is called ___________.
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Term The group of individuals from which researchers actually select participants for research studies is called ____________. | | Definition the accessible population | |
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Term Although a research question usually concerns the _________ the actual research participants are selected from the _________. | | Definition target population, accessible population | |
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Term Dr. Near conducts an experiment on memory using participants above the age of 65. All people above the age of 65 would make up the __________. | | Definition |
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Term A major goal of research is to ______________ from a small group of participants included in a study to the larger group from which they came. | | Definition |
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Term If the individuals in a sample have characteristics that are noticeably different from the individuals in the population, then the sample is said to be ____________. | | Definition |
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Term When a sample has the same characteristics as the target population, the sample is said to be a(n) _______. | | Definition |
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Term A class consists of 20 girls and 12 boys. The names of all the students in a class are listed on separate pieces of paper. The teacher places all the boys’ names in one hat, all the girls’ names in another hat and mixes them thoroughly before reaching in to draw out five names from each hat. The teacher is using ____________. | | Definition |
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Term If each person in a large group has an equal chance of being included in an experiment, then the researcher is using ____________. | | Definition |
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Term The major advantage of a simple random sample is that ____________. | | Definition |
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Term A researcher would like to describe and compare the attitudes of four different ethnic groups of students at a local state college. To obtain participants for the study, the researcher should probably use _____. | | Definition |
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Term A researcher obtains a sample of 50 research participants by asking for volunteers from an introductory psychology class. What kind of sampling is the researcher using? | | Definition |
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Term Which of the following sampling techniques is most likely to result in a biased sample? | | Definition |
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Term A researcher would like to select a sample of 50 people so that five different age groups are equally represented in the sample. Assuming that the researcher does not know the entire list of people in the population, which sampling technique should be used? | | Definition |
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Term To find out whether it really is cold enough to make your tongue stick to a metal flagpole,you press your tongue against the flagpole. This is an example of using the empiricalmethod. | | Definition |
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Term Part of the scientific method involved using a hypothesis to make predictions. | | Definition |
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Term A person who buys a lottery ticket because he just feels lucky is using the method of________. | | Definition |
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Term Pseudoscience is the most credible scientific evidence available for informing policy andmedical treatment | | Definition |
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Term A(n) ____________ is a brief summary of a psychology article. | | Definition |
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Term Which section of a research article is most likely to help you develop ideas for selectingparticipants and measuring the variables for your own study | | Definition |
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Term Which section of a research article is most likely to provide suggestions for additionalresearch? | | Definition |
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Term Which section of a research article is most likely to detail the data obtained and anyquantitative or qualitative analyses? | | Definition |
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Term A researcher who deliberately omits informing participants about the true intent of aquestionnaire is committing? | | Definition |
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Term If individuals are pressured into participating in research because the researcher is in aposition of power or authority, then which ethical principle is being compromised? | | Definition |
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Term Which of the following is the focus of ethical concern? | | Definition |
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Term A variable such as intelligence that cannot be seen or measured directly is known as a(n) | | Definition |
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Term A measurement procedure is valid if it | | Definition measures what you intend it to measure. | |
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Term Operational definitions are necessary to convert hypothetical constructs into observablevariables. | | Definition |
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Term A reliable measurement procedure produces similar scores when the same individuals aremeasured twice under similar conditions. | | Definition |
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Term To determine how much difference there is between two individuals, you must use eitheran interval or a ratio scale of measurement. | | Definition |
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Term The accessible population is a subset of the target population. | | Definition |
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Term A large sample is probably more representative than a small sample. | | Definition |
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Term Selection bias is likely to produce a sample with characteristics that are noticeablydifferent than those in the population. | | Definition |
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Term Which of the following sampling techniques is most likely to result in a biased sample? | | Definition |
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Term Typically, researchers plan to generalize their results to the entire group of individualsdefined by their specific interests. This entire group is called | | Definition |
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Term Magazine advertisements that use celebrities to sell makeup employ which method ofacquiring knowledge? | | Definition |
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Term A statement that is an educated guess describing the predicted relationship betweenvariables is calleda | | Definition |
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Term Using observations of humans to form a hypothesis about human behavior is an example ofwhat form of reasoning? | | Definition |
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Term Using a general hypothesis to develop a testable predication involves the use of what formof reasoning? | | Definition |
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Term A student who believes that his performance on tests is influences by wearing a lucky hatis using which method of knowing? | | Definition |
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Term An empirical journal article is an example of a ________ source | | Definition |
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Term A newspaper article discussing someone’s research is an example of a ________ source. | | Definition |
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Term Which section of a research article provides interpretation of the findings? | | Definition |
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Term A researcher initiates a study to determine whether there is a significant decrease in student stress if class quizzes are announced rather than given on a “pop” basis. This study can beclassified as what type of research? | | Definition |
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Term Which is the correct order of parts in a research report? | | Definition Title page, abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, and references | |
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Term A variable such as intelligence that cannot be seen or measured directly is known as a(n) | | Definition |
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Term A measure is considered to be ______________ if it produces similar results when the sameindividuals are measured under identical conditions. | | Definition |
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Term Is it possible for psychologists to study variables such as hunger, motivation, and self-esteem because these variables can be measured by translating constructs into variablesusing______________ | | Definition |
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Term Using letter grades (A, B, C, D, and F) to classify student performance on an exam is anexample of measurement on a(n) _______ scale of measurement, whereas the student’s percentages are an example of a ____________ scale of measurement. | | Definition |
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Term Two observers record similar measurements of behavior for a group of children they arewatching. The researchers have established what kind reliability? | | Definition |
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Term What are the three ethical principles identified in the Belmont Report? | | Definition Respect for persons, Beneficence, and Justice | |
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Term ______ ensures that information obtained from each participant will be keptsecret and private. | | Definition |
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Term A researcher who tells participants that a questionnaire is measuring political attitudes whenin fact it is measuring racial prejudices, is committing | | Definition |
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Term If a researcher explains what will happen in a research study using language that potentialparticipants probably cannot understand, then the researcher has violated the intent of | | Definition |
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Term If individuals are pressured into participating in research because the researcher is in aposition of power or authority, then which ethical principle is being compromised? | | Definition |
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Term When a sample has the same characteristics as the target population, the sample is said to be | | Definition |
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Term A major goal of research is to ______ from a small group of participants includedin a study to the larger group from which they came. | | Definition |
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Term If the individuals in a sample have characteristics that are noticeably different from theindividuals in the population, then the sample is said to be | | Definition |
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Term A researcher would like to select a sample of 50 people so that five different age groups areequally represented in the sample. Assuming that the researcher does not know the entire list ofpeople in the population, which sampling technique should be used? | | Definition |
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Term If each person in a large group has an equal chance of being included in an experiment, thenthe researcher is using | | Definition |
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Term | Definition compleatly unordered (name only) EX: what city did you grow up in? | |
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Term | Definition ordered, but no interval EX: placement in a 5K race (1st, 2nd, 3rd) | |
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Term | Definition ordered with set intervals, no absolute zero point EX: shoe size | |
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Term | Definition Ordered with set intervals and an absolute zero point. EX: finishing times for a 5K race | |
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Term | Definition Two or more observers rating the same behavior | |
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Term | Definition The correspondence of scores from subcomponents of the same test Split-half reliability reflects whether all the items of the test are measuring the same construct | |
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Term | Definition The reliability estimate obtained by comparing the scores obtained from two successive measurements | |
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Term | Definition A measurement procedure is ‘reliable’ when… …it yields consistent scores when the phenomenon being measured is not changing. | |
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Term | Definition Scores on a measure are related to other measures of the same construct | |
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Term | Definition Scores on a measure are unrelated to measures of a different construct | |
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Term | Definition Scores on the measure predict behavior on a criterion measured consistent with theoretical predictions and hypotheses | |
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Term | Definition The extent to which the content of the measure is linked to the universe of content that defines the construct | |
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Term | Definition the extent to which the content of the measure appears to reflect the intended construct | |
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Term | Definition the match between the conceptual definition and operational definition of a construct | |
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Term | Definition A measure reflects the construct it is intended to measure | |
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Term Four Goals of scientific research | | Definition description, explanation, prediction, control | |
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Term | Definition accepting information as truth because everybody knows, broad group acceptance | |
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Term | Definition Accepting information on the basis of a hunch or gut feeeling | |
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Term | Definition answers via use of logical reasoning | |
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Term | Definition observation and or direct sensory experience to obtainknowledge | |
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Term | Definition tendency to see non existent relationships | |
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Term | Definition The logical model in which general principles are developed from specific observations. | |
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Term | Definition The logical model in which specific expectations of hypotheses are developed on the basis of general principles. | |
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Term | Definition A sampling process in which an “unbiased” but nonrandom sample is constructed by selecting every Nth person from a list of the entire population | |
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Term | Definition Groups of interest are identified and peopleare sampled randomly from each group | |
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Term | Definition A sampling process that involves whateverparticipants the researcher can conveniently (easily)study. | |
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Term | Definition Individuals are selected from a convenience sample to meet a specified quota of participants belonging to different subgroups | |
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Term | Definition Participants are selected because they belong to a particulargroup of interest (representative for a particular purpose) | |
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