Muizelaar JP, van der Poel HG, Li ZC, Kontos HA, Levasseur JE. Pial arteriolar vessel diameter and CO2 reactivity during prolonged hyperventilation in the rabbit. J Neurosurg. 1988;69(6):923–7.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Stocchetti N, Maas AI, Chieregato A, van der Plas AA. Hyperventilation in head injury: a review. Chest. 2005;127(5):1812–27.
Article Google Scholar
Godoy DA, Seifi A, Garza D, Lubillo-Montenegro S, Murillo-Cabezas F. Hyperventilation therapy for control of posttraumatic intracranial hypertension. Front Neurol. 2017;8:250.
Article Google Scholar
Coles JP, Minhas PS, Fryer TD, Smielewski P, Aigbirihio F, Donovan T, et al. Effect of hyperventilation on cerebral blood flow in traumatic head injury: clinical relevance and monitoring correlates. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(9):1950–9.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Coles JP, Fryer TD, Coleman MR, Smielewski P, Gupta AK, Minhas PS, et al. Hyperventilation following head injury: effect on ischemic burden and cerebral oxidative metabolism. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(2):568–78.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Diringer MN, Yundt K, Yideen TO, Adams RE, Zazulia AR, Deibert E, et al. No reduction in cerebral metabolism as a result of early moderate hyperventilation following severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2000;92(1):7–13.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Chesnut RM, Temkin N, Dikmen S, Rondina C, Videtta W, Petroni G, et al. A method of managing severe traumatic brain injury in the absence of intracranial pressure monitoring: the imaging and clinical examination protocol. J Neurotrauma. 2018;35(1):54–63.
Article Google Scholar
Le Roux P, Menon DK, Citerio G, Vespa P, Bader MK, Brophy GM, et al. Consensus summary statement of the International Multidisciplinary Consensus Conference on Multimodality Monitoring in Neurocritical Care: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(9):1189–209.
Article Google Scholar
Rosenthal G, Hemphill JC 3rd, Sorani M, Martin C, Morabito D, Obrist WD, et al. Brain tissue oxygen tension is more indicative of oxygen diffusion than oxygen delivery and metabolism in patients with traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(6):1917–24.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Rohlwink UK, Zwane E, Fieggen AG, Argent AC, le Roux PD, Figaji AA. The relationship between intracranial pressure and brain oxygenation in children with severe traumatic brain injury. Neurosurgery. 2012;70(5):1220–30 discussion 1231.
Article Google Scholar
Eriksson EA, Barletta JF, Figueroa BE, Bonnell BW, Vanderkolk WE, McAllen KJ, et al. Cerebral perfusion pressure and intracranial pressure are not surrogates for brain tissue oxygenation in traumatic brain injury. Clin Neurophysiol. 2012;123(6):1255–60.
Article Google Scholar
Ainslie PN, Celi L, McGrattan K, Peebles K, Ogoh S. Dynamic cerebral autoregulation and baroreflex sensitivity during modest and severe step changes in arterial PCO2. Brain Res. 2008;1230:115–24.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Minhas JS, Panerai RB, Robinson TG. Modelling the cerebral haemodynamic response in the physiological range of PaCO2. Physiol Meas. 2018;39(6):065001.
Article CAS Google Scholar
McCarville MB, Goodin GS, Fortner G, Li CS, Smeltzer MP, Adams R, et al. Evaluation of a comprehensive transcranial Doppler screening program for children with sickle cell anemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50(4):818–21.
Article Google Scholar
Klinzing S, Steiger P, Schupbach RA, Bechir M, Brandi G. Competence for transcranial color-coded duplex sonography is rapidly acquired. Minerva Anestesiol. 2015;81(3):298–304.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Zweifel C, Czosnyka M, Carrera E, de Riva N, Pickard JD, Smielewski P. Reliability of the blood flow velocity pulsatility index for assessment of intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressures in head-injured patients. Neurosurgery. 2012;71(4):853–61.
Article Google Scholar
Diringer MN, Videen TO, Yundt K, Zazulia AR, Aiyagari V, Dacey RG Jr, et al. Regional cerebrovascular and metabolic effects of hyperventilation after severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2002;96(1):103–8.
Article Google Scholar
Cold GE. Does acute hyperventilation provoke cerebral oligaemia in comatose patients after acute head injury? Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1989;96(3-4):100–6.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Obrist WD, Langfitt TW, Jaggi JL, Cruz J, Gennarelli TA. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in comatose patients with acute head injury: relationship to intracranial hypertension. J Neurosurg. 1984;61(2):241–53.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Muizelaar JP, Marmarou A, Ward JD, Kontos HA, Choi SC, Becker DP, et al. Adverse effects of prolonged hyperventilation in patients with severe head injury: a randomized clinical trial. J Neurosurg. 1991;75(5):731–9.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Minhas JS, Panerai RB, Robinson TG. Sex differences in cerebral haemodynamics across the physiological range of PaCO2. Physiol Meas. 2018;39(10):105009.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Minhas JS, Panerai RB, Ghaly G, Divall P, Robinson TG. Cerebral autoregulation in hemorrhagic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography studies. J Clin Ultrasound. 2019;47(1):14–21.
Article Google Scholar
Bouma GJ, Muizelaar JP, Choi SC, Newlon PG, Young HF. Cerebral circulation and metabolism after severe traumatic brain injury: the elusive role of ischemia. J Neurosurg. 1991;75(5):685–93.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Hawryluk GW, Phan N, Ferguson AR, Morabito D, Derugin N, Stewart CL, et al. Brain tissue oxygen tension and its response to physiological manipulations: influence of distance from injury site in a swine model of traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2016;125(5):1217–28.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Willie CK, Macleod DB, Shaw AD, Smith KJ, Tzeng YC, Eves ND, et al. Regional brain blood flow in man during acute changes in arterial blood gases. J Physiol. 2012;590(14):3261–75.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Reinstrup P, Stahl N, Mellergard P, Uski T, Ungerstedt U, Nordstrom CH. Intracerebral microdialysis in clinical practice: baseline values for chemical markers during wakefulness, anesthesia, and neurosurgery. Neurosurgery. 2000;47(3):701–9 discussion 9-10.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Page 2
etCO2 (kPa) | 5.0 (0.7) | 4.3 (0.6)* | 4.2 (0.6)*§ | 4.0 (0.7)*§ | 4.7 (0.7)*§¶Ŧ |
MV (L/min) | 6.9 (1.4) | 8.6 (1.6)* | 8.7 (1.7)* | 8.4 (1.5)* | 6.8 (1.4)§¶Ŧ |
pH | 7.37 (0.09) | 7.45 (0.02)* | 7.46 (0.03)*¶ | 7.41 (0.03)¶Ŧ | |
PaCO2 (kPa) | 5.0 (0.2) | 4.3 (0.2)* | 4.1 (0.4)*¶ | 4.7 (0.4)*¶Ŧ | |
PaO2 (kPa) | 17.2 (1.5) | 17.9 (1.9) | 18.8 (2.3)*¶ | 17.4 (1.2)Ŧ |
- Abbreviations: A Baseline, B Increasing minute ventilation, C Begin moderate hyperventilation with target PaCO2 4–4.7 kPa, D After moderate hyperventilation for 50 min, E Return to baseline, etCO2 End-tidal CO2, MV Minute ventilation (L/min), PaCO2 Partial pressure arterial carbon dioxide (kPa), PaO2 Partial pressure arterial oxygen (kPa)
- Data are expressed as mean (SD)
- * p < 0.05 compared with A
- § p < 0.05 compared with B
- ¶ p < 0.05 compared with C
- Ŧ p < 0.05 compared with D