Term | Definition The process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors | |
|
Term | Definition Learning that certain events occur together. the events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning) | |
|
Term | Definition Any event or situation that evokes a response | |
|
Term | Definition The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language | |
|
Term | Definition A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events | |
|
Term | Definition Explored classical conditioning - Dog experiment | |
|
Term | Definition The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1 but not 2 | |
|
Term | Definition In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning | |
|
Term Unconditioned Response (UR) | | Definition In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occuring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth) | |
|
Term Unconditioned Stimulus (US) | | Definition In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response (UR) | |
|
Term Conditioned Response (CR) | | Definition In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) | |
|
Term Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | | Definition In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR) | |
|
Term | Definition In classical conditioning, the initial stange, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response | |
|
Term | Definition The diminshing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced | |
|
Term | Definition The reapparance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response | |
|
Term | Definition The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses | |
|
Term | Definition In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus | |
|
Term | Definition "Little Albert" experiement; Lound noise sounded when a white rat was presented. Example of classical conditioning. | |
|
Term | Definition type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher | |
|
Term | Definition Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely | |
|
Term | Definition In operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking | |
|
Term | Definition In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows | |
|
Term | Definition An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior | |
|
Term | Definition Designed the operant chamber | |
|
Term | Definition Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response | |
|
Term | Definition Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (not punishment) | |
|
Term | Definition An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need | |
|
Term | Definition A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer | |
|
Term | Definition Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs | |
|
Term | Definition A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced | |
|
Term Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement | | Definition Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response, but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement | |
|
Term | Definition In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedue that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses | |
|
Term | Definition In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses | |
|
Term | Definition In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed | |
|
Term Variable-Interval Schedule | | Definition In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals | |
|
Term | Definition An event that tends to decrease the behavior it follows | |
|
Term | Definition Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus | |
|
Term | Definition Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences | |
|
Term | Definition A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it | |
|
Term | Definition Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it | |
|
Term | Definition A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake | |
|
Term | Definition A desire to perform a behavior to recieve promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment | |
|
Term | Definition Learning by observing others | |
|
Term | Definition The process of observing an imitating a specific behavior | |
|
Term | Definition Bobo doll - observational learning and modeling | |
|
Term | Definition Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy | |
|
Term | Definition Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior | |
|